1. VIRUSES, BACTERIA, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Produced by
Kelly Somerlot, M.S.
Terry L. Derting, Ph.D.

2. I.VIRUSES
I. Viruses

3. A. INTRODUCTION The Common Cold: What causes it?
A common cold is an illness caused by a virus infection located in the nose.
Introduction (p.282)
Common Cold, what causes it? How does it enter the body? Best treatment? Doesn’t kill virus, treats symptoms.
Fast Facts:
** Cold viruses live only in the noses of humans and not in animals except chimpanzees and other higher primates.
** A cold virus is deposited into the front of the nasal passages by contaminated fingers or by droplets from coughs and sneezes.
** Small doses of virus (1-30 particles) are sufficient to produce infection.
** Cold viruses can only multiply when they are inside of living cells. When on an environmental surface, cold viruses cannot multiply. However, they are still infectious if they are transported from an environmental site into the nose.
** Cold symptoms are due mainly to the body's response to the infection. When a nasal cell is infected by a cold virus, the body responds by activating parts of the immune system and some nervous system reflexes

4. B. Virus Characteristics
1. STRUCTURE
DNA inside
Chicken Pox
Human Influenza
B. Characteristics
1. Structure (p283)
a. composed of genetic material
b. classified as RNA or DNA (not both) found in head of virus
c. enclosed in a protein coat or capsid
d. very small, different shapes (p. 284, Table 19-2)
FAST FACT:
The protein that forms the protective capsid surrounding the West Nile virus genetic material may contribute to the deadly inflammation associated with the virus. West Nile virus, which has rapidly spread across the United States, causes neurological symptoms and encephalitis, which can result in paralysis or death. According to researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, the West Nile virus capsid (WNV-Cp) is a destructive protein that can trigger apoptosis – the automatic self-destructive program within cells – inside infected cells, possibly adding to the damage caused by the virus.
Rabies Virus
HIV

5. 2. Two Types of Viruses
2. Two Types
Virulent
Temperate

6. Lytic Cycle of a Virulent Virus --Causes disease immediately
Infectious Diseases: Viral Infection
Infectious Diseases: Viral Infection
2. Types
a. virulent
b. temperate
This slide shows virulent virus cycle: (animation will begin on its own- after slight delay)
Absorption: Virus attaches itself to the cell.
Entry: Enzymes weaken the cell wall and nucleic acid is injected into the cell, leaving the empty caspid outside the cell. Many viruses actually enter the host cell intact.
Replication: Viral DNA takes control of cell activity.
Assembly: All metabolic activity of the cell is directed to assemble new viruses.
Release: Enzymes disintegrate the cell in a process called lysis, releasing the new viruses.

7. Lysogenic Cycle of a Temperate Virus
--Does not cause disease immediately
b. Temperate
Lysogenic Cycle of a Temperate Virus
Activated to produce new viruses
Remains in cell
2. Types
a. virulent
b. temperate
This slide shows temperate virus cycle:
The virus attaches itself and injects its DNA into the cell.
The viral DNA attaches itself to the host DNA, becoming a new set of cell genes called a prophage.
When the host cell divides, this new gene is replicated and passed to new cells. This causes no harm to the cell, but may alter its traits.
Now there are two possibilities:
A. The prophage survives as a perminant part of the DNA of the host organism.
B. Some external stimuli can cause the prophage to become active, using the cell to produce new viruses.

8. 3. Are viruses living? What are all living things made of?
What do all living things need?
How does environment affect living things?
How do living things reproduce?
3. Living or Non-living?
non-living – Why?
They have some characteristics of life but not all
No nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, cell membrane, do not reproduce by mitosis
Are not capable of carrying out cellular functions – are not cells.
can only reproduce by invading a cell
1.uses the enzymes and organelles of host cells to make more virues
2. Obligate intercellular parasites- require a host cell to reproduce.
Spread by wind, in water, in food or blood and other bodily secretions
How do characteristics of viruses compare to that of living organisms?

9. 4. Virus Reproduction Process
Absorption
Entry
Replication
Release
4. Virus Reproduction
Click play button to open animation (uses Quicktime player as default)
View Animation

10. C. Virologist
1. Growing cells in a controlled medium: ________________
Tissue culture
2. Serology
3. _____________is used to separate fragments of molecules based on charge and size.
- study of biological fluids used to determine antibody response
Electrophoresis
d. Studies bacteriophages.
C. Virologist- people who study viruses
a. tissue culture- growing cells in a controlled medium
b. serology – study of biological fluids used to determine an organism’s antibody response
c. electrophoresis- a process that separates fragments of large molecules, such as proteins, rDNA on basis of charge and size.
** (click once when ready for electrophoresis animation)
d. study bacteriophages- the most commonly studied virus that infect bacteria

11. D. Diseases Common Cold ___________________ * 200 kinds of Viruses
1. The Common Cold
Symptoms include nasal discharge, obstruction of nasal breathing, swelling of the sinus membranes, sneezing, sore throat, cough, and headache.

12. Polio 2. ________________
Poliomyelitis is a crippling disease of spinal nerve cells caused by poliovirus infection.
The disease can strike non-immune persons of any age but affects mainly children under the age of three, and causes paralysis in one case of every 200 to 1000 infections.   
Preventable by vaccination. 
2. Polio

13. Tobacco Mosaic 3. ______________________ 3. Tobacco Mosaic
Symptoms induced can include mosaic, mottling, necrosis, stunting, leaf curling, and yellowing of plant tissues.

14. STD AIDS 4. ___________ 4. AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV.
HIV destroys the body's ability to fight infections by attacking cells of the immune system.

15. Rabies 5. ______________ 5. Rabies
The vast majority of cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes.
Infects the central nervous system, causing encephalopathy and ultimately death.
5. Rabies

16. Cold Sore 6. ______________ 6. Cold Sore (Herpes simplex )
                    
Between % of all people possess this virus and is spread through direct contact with an infected individual.
Once the virus has entered the body, it cannot be removed.
Only 10% of HSV1 infected people ever develop a sore.
6. Cold Sore

17. Shingles 7. _____________
An acute infection caused by a reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which also causes chicken pox.
7. Shingles
It usually occurs during adulthood after exposure to chicken pox in childhood. The chicken pox virus remains dormant in the body.

18. For every 1,000 children who get it, 1 or 2 will die from it
Measles
8. _____________
Most infected children will have a rash, high fever, cough, runny nose, and watery eyes.
For every 1,000 children who get it, 1 or 2 will die from it
Spreads so easily that any child who is not immunized will probably get it, either now or later in life.
8. Measles

19. Warts
9. ___________
Non-cancerous skin growths caused by a viral infection in the top layer of the skin. Viruses that cause them are called human papillomavirus (HPV).
9. Warts
STD

20. STD Herpes 10. _______________ 10. Herpes (Simplex2)
HSV-2 usually produces only mild symptoms or signs or no symptoms at all.
However, HSV-2 can cause recurrent painful genital sores in many adults, and HSV-2 infection can be severe in people with suppressed immune systems.
Regardless of severity of symptoms, genital herpes frequently causes psychological distress in people who know they are infected.
10. Herpes (Simplex2)

21. Hepatitis B 11. _____________ 11. Hepatitis B
The most common serious liver infection in the world.
It is caused by the HBV virus that attacks the liver.
HBV is 100 times more infectious than the AIDS virus. Yet, can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine.

22. E. Treatment/Prevention
1. Vaccine
Anitbodies Produced
Guard/Fight Real Disease
Vaccine Given
2. Interferon
E. Treatment/Prevention
1. Vaccine- substance containing a weakened or killed strain of a virus
2. Interferon- a protein that inhibits the reproduction and speed of viruses

23. II. Bacteria

24. A. Bacteria Characteristics
MONERA
1. Kingdom _________________
A. Bacteria Characteristics
Kingdom Monera
Introduction

25. What is absent in this cell?
2. Prokaryotic
What is absent in this cell?
2. Prokaryotic- no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

26. Microscopic 3. ________________ How big are bacteria?
4. Where do they live?
3. Microscopic (click on “Microscopic” to view the scale of bacteria, will open internet website independently of powerpoint).
4. Live in nearly every environment
(hot springs, deep sea vents, Antarctic ice, mouth, animals, people, soil, everywhere!)

27. Spherical Spiral Rod 5. What shape are they? a._______________
b._______________
c._______________ a. b. c.
Spherical
Spiral
Rod
The word “spiral” is hyperlinked to a short video.
5. Shape
a. spherical- cocci
b. spiral- spirilli
c. rod- bacilli

28. 6. Groups Staphylo Strepto a. _________________: forms clusters
Staphylococcus
Strepto
b. _________________: forms filaments or chains
6. Groups
a. staphylo –form clusters (i.e. staphylococcus)
b. strepto – forms filaments or chains (i.e. streptococcus)
Streptococcus

29. -Some are rigid, Some flexible
7. Have Cell Walls
-Some are rigid, Some flexible
8. Form Endospores in Harsh Conditions
7. Have Cell Walls
8. Form Endospores in Harsh Conditions

30. HETEROTROPHS VS. AUTOTROPHS
9. Movement
flagella
10. Nutrition
HETEROTROPHS VS. AUTOTROPHS
9. Movement – flagella (Click on “movement to view animation”)
10. Nutrition
a. hetertrophic – depend on other organisms for food
1. Parasitic – take nutrition from living things
2. Saprophyte – feed on dead, decaying material
b. autotrophic – produce their own food
1. Photoautotrophic – use sunlight as a source of energy
2. Chemoautotrophs-
a. use energy from chemical reactions
b. nitrogren fixation- process by which gaseous N2 is converted to ammonia compounds (ex. NH4, NO3)
_____________: Take nutrition from other living organisms
____________: feed on dead and/or decaying matter
_____________: use the sunlight as a source of energy
Photo-Autotrophs
_____________: use energy that results from a chemical reaction
Chemo-Autotrophs
Parasitic
Saprophyte

31. 11. Respiration in Bacteria
Obligate Anaerobes
a. ____________- cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
Facultative Anaerobes
b. ____________- can live with or without oxygen.
11. Respiration in Bacteria
a. obligate anaerobes-cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
b. facultative anaerobes- live with or without oxygen
c. obligate anerobes-cannot survive without oxygen
Obligate Aerobes
c. ____________- cannot survive without the presence of oxygen.

32. 12. Reproduction
a. __________________: (asexual reproduction) one cell splits into two cells.
Binary Fission
b. __________________: (sexual reproduction) exchange of genetic material between two bacteria.
“binary fission” is linked to a short video showing fission – click on the word.
The click on black box to see and hear video
12. Reproduction
a. binary fission- asexual process, one cell splits into two cells
b conjugation- sexual process, exchange genetic material between two bacteria
Conjugation

33. B. Harmful Bacteria TOXIN PATHOGEN
1. _________________:an organism that causes disease
TOXIN
2. _________________:poisonous substance that disrupts the metabolism of the infected organism
B. Harmful bacteria
1.. Pathogen- an organism that causes disease
2. toxin- poisonous substance that disrupts the metabolism of the infected organism.
a. endotoxin- found in cell walls of some acteria and causes fever, weakness, damage to circulatory system
b. Exotoxin- secreted into areas surrounding the bacteria- very potent poisons
Endotoxin
Exotoxin

34. 3. Disease a. Anthrax Cutaneous Inhalation
A . Anthrax- fatal disease of sheep and cattle
***Click on animations at left to see short animation of two forms of anthrax- narration describes each, volume/speakers will be needed to hear these animations (Cutaneous anthrax, Inhalation Anthrax). Two more videos continue after the inhalation one if you want to see them. The third is linked to the word “anthrax” and the fourth is linked to the picture on the right.
Inhalation

35. b. Tuberculosis
b. tuberculosis

36. c. Typhoid fever
c. Typhoid fever (endotoxin)

37. d. Diphtheria
d. diphtheria- exotoxins

38. e. Botulism
e. Botulism –exotoxins (food borne, infant, avian, wound)

39. f. Tetanus
f. Tetanus - exotoxins

40. g. Gonorrhea
STD
g. gonorrhea

41. h. Syphilis
STD
h. syphilis

42. i. Chlamydia
STD
i. Chlamydia

43. ANTIBIOTICS 4. Treatments Penicillium mutate
Inhibit growth of some bacteria
________________________ - product of fungus
Bacteria can _______________to become resistant to antibiotics
Penicillium
4. Treatments-antibiotics
a. inhibit growth of some bacteria
b. Penicillium – product of fungus
c. bacteria can mutate to become resistent to antibiotics
mutate

44. Decomposers/ Natural Cycle!
C. Helpful Bacteria
Aid Digestion!
Also--
Decomposers/ Natural Cycle!
Bioremediation!
Food/Preservatives!
Pesticide Control!
Treat Wastewater!
Make milk into yogurt!
Make antibiotics!
                                      
C. Helpful Bacteria
1 fermentation of alcohol
2 insecticides
3 milk fermentation=yogurt
4 clean up oil spills
5 sewage treatment
6 decay and digestion
© Eric MacDicken

45. D. Bacteriology

46. III. Infectious Diseases

47. Pathogens Fungus 2. Virus 3. Protozoan 4. Bacteria 5. Invertebrates
Athletes Foot
2. Virus
3. Protozoan
Malaria
Malaria 3
Malaria 4
Pathogens
1 fungus-athletes foot
2 virus
3 protozoa- malaria/african sleeping sickness (click on malaria photo for video 1, click on “malaria” for video 2, click on “malaria 3” for video 3, and click on “malaria 4” for malaria 4 video.
4 bacteria
5 invertebrates- Trichonosis- worm in pork muscle
4. Bacteria
5. Invertebrates
Trichonosis

48. B. Toxins
Chemical substances harmful to the normal functioning of cells
_______________- disrupt the transmission of nerve impulses.
Neurotoxins
B. Toxins
Chemical substances harmful to the normal functioning of cells
Neurotoxins-disrupt the transmission of nerve impulses

49. C. Transmission Air Water Human Contact Arthropods C. Transmission
1 air- spores, droplets, dust
2 water
3 human contact
4 arthropods – lice, ticks, fleas

50. D. Defense 1. First Level of Response: D. Defense
1. First level of defense-skin, mucus glands, HCl in stomach

51. 2. Phagocytosis 2 phogocytosis **Picture to left is WBC
** Animation on right will start process of phagocytosis automatically during slideshow

52. 3. Fever 4. Interferon 5. Antigen 6. Immunity
3. Fever- kills some pathogens
4. Interferon- a protein which inhibits the reproduction of viruses
5 Antigen- causes an antibody to be produced on antibody reaction- very specific
6. Immunity- resistance to a specific pathogen –Allergic reaction to the antigen
a Natural Immunity- present at birth
b Acquired Immunity- after birth
1 vaccination
2. antibiotics

53. E. AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
1. Caused
Virus: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus )
Disruption of the proper functioning of immune system
Video will appear in black box on its own – be patient. You will need sound.
HIV

54. other body fluids containing blood
2. Transmission a. Sexual Contact b. Needles/Syringes c. Mother to Infant
blood
semen
vaginal fluid
breast milk
other body fluids containing blood

55. 3. Viral Action 3. Viral Action
Virus enters bloodstream to get into body
Phagocytes try to destroy virus but don’t harm
T4 cells attach virus, but virus enters T4 cell unharmed
Antibodies attack virus but virus is unharmed
May remain dormant for up to 10 years in T4 cells
Becomes active and goes through lytic cycle – Lysis occurs and it spreads to other T4 cells
animation of cycle

56. 4. Effects on Immune Disruption
Virus enters bloodstream
Phagocytes try to destroy virus
T4 cells attack virus but virus enters T4 cell unharmed
Antibodies attack virus but virus is unharmed
May remain dormant up to 10 Years in T4 cells
Becomes Active—Lytic Cycle and spreads to other T4 cells

57. “What can be done to prevent the spread of the disease?”
5. Risk and Prevention
“Who is at risk?”
“What can be done to prevent the spread of the disease?”
Click on What can be done… for a short video You need to download Real One Player – free from the web- in order to play that video.
Click on internet site to take a quiz to see how much students know about risk and prevention
Source : American Assciation for World Helath

58. Video will start on its own when you click the middle bottom picture.