1. The Science of Biology
Chapter 1

2. Potatoes and Observations

3. 1-1 What is the goal of Science?
Investigate and understand the world around us
Explain events in nature
Make predictions

4. The Scientific Method Observations State the Problem Conclusion
Hypothesis Data Collection and analysis
Experiment

5. Experimentation Controlled steps used to test the hypothesis
Controlled Experiment-only 1 variable is changed and all others are kept the same.
2 Groups
Control Group: no IV tested; standard for comparing with…
Experimental Group: IV tested

6. Observations *using the senses to gather/collect data
Quantitative
-observations based on numbers or quantities
Ex.Counting/measuring
7 birds, 14 miles, 200 people
Qualitative
-observations based on description
Ex. Color/texture
blue neck, large teeth, soft cushion

7. Hypothesis A possible answer to a scientific question
Ex. Use hypothesis to discover how infected disease was contracted:
-spread by human contact?
-spread through insect bites?
**All of these are then tested to find the correct explanation.

8. Procedures
Procedural Drawings

9. Variables
IV = Independent: the one that is tested (only 1); on X axis. AKA Manipulated Variable
DV = Dependent: the one that is measured; on Y axis. AKA Responding Variable
Controls: those that remain constant/unchanged

10. I.V. is changed by me- D.V. is the result I see!!!!

11. Data Collection and Analysis
Displayed in table/graph
What does the data tell us??
What does it mean?
How can I APPLY this information?

12. Conclusion Analyzing data brings you to a final decision/conclusion
Evidence found supports or refutes hypothesis  will test correct or wrong
Validity
Future investigations New Qs
Improvements
Scientific method practice

13. What is a Theory?
A well tested explanation that unites many observations (evidence builds up to make hypothesis very well supported)
Can be proven wrong when new data arises to challenge it.
May be revised or replaced by a more useful explanation.

14. List 5 things that all living things do:
1-3 Studying Life
What do all living things have in common?
List 5 things that all living things do:
martian

15. Defense -
Prosecutor -

16. Is a hurricane alive?

17. Are flowers alive?

18. Is a fire alive?

19. Is a dragon fly alive?

20. Is a river alive?

21. Is a crowd alive?

22. What is Life?

23. 6 Major Characteristics of Living Things:
Grow
Genetic Information
Reproduce
Adapt and respond to their environment
Made of Cells
Use and make Energy
Remember: GGRACE !

24. Growth and Development

25. Universal Genetic Code
Universal Genetic Code **Everything living is based on this the molecule of inheritance

26. Asexual Reproduction New organism has a single parent (ex
Asexual Reproduction New organism has a single parent (ex. Budding hydra)

27. Sexual Reproduction 2 cells from different parents unite to produce new organism (ex. Sperm and egg)

28. Adapting and Responding
Organisms sense changes in their environment and make responses to them
Receptors detect specific forms of energy
The form of energy detected by a receptor is a stimulus

29. Living Things are Made of Cells

30. A Cell
Collection of living matter enclosed by barrier separating the cell from its surroundings.
Smallest units of an organism that can be considered alive.
Small size, but highly organized and complex.

31. Nothing Lives Without Energy
Energy = Capacity to do work

32. Evolution - as a group all living things change over time

33. Evolution Genetically based change in a line of descent over time
Population changes, not individuals

34. Homeostasis
Maintenance of stable internal environment within range suitable for cell activities
Ex. pancreas maintains level of sugar in blood by secreting hormones

35. Required for Life… Metabolism
-chemical reactions an organism uses to build up and break down materials
-how cells acquire and use energy to grow and survive
(ex. Digestion, making proteins)
Homeostasis
-keeping the internal conditions of an organism stable
(ex. Body temperature, breathing, heart rate)
Work together

36. What differences do you notice about the two groups?
Redi’s experiment
What differences do you notice about the two groups?

37. Pasteur’s Experiment What do all 3 experiments have in common?
What does this tell us about where life comes from?
Spallanzani’s Experiment

38. Spontaneous Generation

39. Real-life Connection!
Pasteur’s experiment
Is this process used today? (Hint- look at the scientist’s name)

40. What are the different levels of organization in Biology
What are the different levels of organization in Biology? Smallest to Largest

41. Atom
Smallest unit that takes up space

42. Molecules - groups of atoms

43. Organelle
Membrane-bound internal compartment for specialized reactions
Not found in most prokaryotic cells

44. Cells - smallest functional unit of life

45. Tissues

46. Organs

47. Organ Systems

48. Organism - an individual living thing

49. Population - group of organisms of one type (species) living in the same area

50. Community - Populations that live together in a defined area

51. Ecosystem - community and its nonliving surroundings

52. Biosphere - Part of the Earth that contains all ecosystems

53. You and the Levels of Organization
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ systems
You
OrganisM
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere

54. Organization of Life Poster

55. 1-4 Tools and Procedures

56. Metric System-SI-International System of Units
To collect data and perform experiments
Decimal system of units scaled on multiples of 10
Measures: length, mass, volume, and temperature

58. Metric Base Units Mass- gram (g) Distance- meter (m) Volume
Volume- liter (L)

59. King Henry's Daughter Undercooks Delicious Chocolate Muffins
Mnemonic
Kelly Had Dan’s Uncle
Drink Chocolate Milk
khdudcm
King Henry's Daughter Undercooks Delicious Chocolate Muffins

60. Units Prefix Symbol Factor Number Factor Word Kilo k 1,000 Thousand
Hecto h
100
Hundred
Deca d 10
Ten B A S E
Deci
0.1
Tenth
Centi c
0.01
Hundredth
Milli m
0.001
Thousandth

61. Examples 1000 g = 1 kg 1000 m = 1 km 0.01 L = 1 cL 30 mL = ??? L
3.068 m = ??? mm

62. x1000
x1000 mg
x10
x100
x1000 mm
x1000

63. x10
x100 mL
x1000

64. Lab Materials per Group
Meter stick
Metric ruler
Test tube
Rubber stopper
Penny
Triple beam balance
50 mL beaker
100 mL graduated cylinder

65. How can a graph help biologists to organize this data?

66. Microscopes-produce magnified images of structures too small for naked eye
Light Microscope-produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays.
Fig (compound light microscope)
Up to 1000 times.
Live and dead organisms
Electron Microscopes- produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons.
Fig. 1-26
Form images 1000 times smaller than those of light microscope.
Only dead organisms.
Have no color. Why?