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Evolution Chapter 16.1, 16.2, and 16.3
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Overall Theme of Evolution
Evolution Requires 3 elements: 1. Variety 2. Selection 3. Time
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Variety For evolution to occur, there must be ways for organisms within a species to be different from each other Variety is generated through mutations and sexual reproduction
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Evolution is now considered a Theory
What is the difference between a Theory and a Hypothesis? Theory- a hypothesis that has been confirmed by testing and has much evidence backing it up Hypothesis- an educated guess that can be tested
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Charles Darwin Charles Darwin took many years to publish his theory of evolution by natural selection. Many of his ideas were first inspired by his 1831 global voyage on the ship called the Beagle.
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Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) In l831, when Darwin was only 22 he signed on as the ship’s naturalist aboard the Beagle on a 5-year expedition around the world. Darwin studied and collected many different and unusual specimens which contributed to his theory.
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Darwin’s Voyage to the Galapagos Islands
Some of Darwin’s most important observations were made on the Galapagos Islands.
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Animals of the Galapagos Islands
Blue Footed Boobies in the Galapagos Animals of the Galapagos Islands
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Galapagos Islands: Finches
Darwin observed organisms with slight differences. Example: Galápagos finches with different beaks
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Assumptions At That Time
Species were fixed creations that never changed and they were arranged from least complex to most complex. Earth is only a few thousand years old.
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Darwin’s Book: On the Origin of Species
Darwin’s book stated: Species change Species evolved from a common ancestor over time (implying a much older Earth) Natural Selection is the mechanism for change
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The only picture in Darwin’s book shows Common Ancestry
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Who influenced Darwin’s Ideas?
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (Biology) Thomas Malthus (Economics) Charles Lyell (Geology)
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck Lamarck proposed that organisms change over time as they adapt to changing environments.
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck He also incorrectly proposed that changes due to use and disuse of a characteristic would be passed on to offspring. Example: A baseball player’s children would inherit strong arm muscles Giraffe’s neck stretches to reach food
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Charles Lyell Lyell studied fossils and rock layers
His work showed that Earth’s history was long enough for species to have evolved gradually.
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Charles Lyell Lyell found evidence of long extinct habitats
Example: Fossil sea shells in the Andes Mountains
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Thomas Malthus Malthus observed that human populations were increasing faster than the food supply. Darwin saw that all kinds of organisms tend to produce more offspring than can survive.
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Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Overproduction- Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Leads to competition for resources. Variety- Variation exists within every population. Selection- Having a particular trait can make individuals more or less likely to survive and reproduce offspring 4) Adaptation– Over time, the traits that improve survival and reproduction become more common.
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Artificial Selection A human practice of breeding animals or plants that have desired traits Example: Pigeon and Dog breeders
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Artificial Selection
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Evidence for Evolutionary Theory
Galapagos Finches Transitional Fossils Biogeography Embryology Homologous Structures Biochemistry
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Galapagos Finches All Galapagos finch species are similar to each other. Beak size and shape are different due to different types of food.
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Transitional Fossils Traces of organisms that lived in the past.
Some fossils show a pattern of gradual change from the past to the present
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Transitional Fossils Tiktaalik roseae (Amphibian/Fish)
Fossils dated 375 million years old
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Transitional Fossils Archaeopteryx lithographica (Bird/Reptile)
Fossils dated 150 million years old
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Transitional Fossils Ambulocetus natans called the “walking whale”
Fossils dated ~ 50 million years old
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Transitional Fossils Rodhocetus kasrani-extinct whale with mammal characteristics Fossils dated ~ 46 million years old
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Transitional Fossils Basillosaurus cetoides-marine mammal
Fossils dated ~ 40 million years old
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Physeter macrocephalus Modern sperm whale
Transitional Fossils Physeter macrocephalus Modern sperm whale
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Fossils: Common Ancestry
Darwin found fossils of Giant extinct Armadillos in South America that are related to Modern day Armadillos.
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Biogeography Study of the locations of organisms around the world.
Example: The Rhea, Ostrich, and Emu are similar in size, shape, eating habits, and habitat. However each species lives on a separate continent. (Convergent Evolution)
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Biogeography Rhea (South America) Ostrich (Africa) Emu (Australia)
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Study of the first stage of development
Embryology Study of the first stage of development
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Homologous Structures
Characteristics that are similar in structure but different in function Homo = Same Same evolutionary history
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Homologous Structures
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Biochemistry Comparison of DNA or amino acid sequences over time
This is the most powerful evidence for a common ancestor
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Biochemistry The following is a comparison of genes in Humans and Monkeys
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Common Cell Processes Cellular Respiration pathways are similar processes in most species Mitosis process is the same in all eukaryotes
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Vestigial Structures Structures that have lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution Examples: Mole rat eyes, Manatee fingers, Human wisdom teeth, Whale leg bone, Human Appendix
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Vestigial Structures
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Adaptations An inherited trait that is present in a population because the trait helps individuals survive and reproduce in their environment.
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Adaptations Inuit people, who live in the extreme cold of the Arctic, have short, stout bodies that conserve heat.
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Adaptations Masai people, who live in the arid lands of eastern Africa, have tall, lean bodies that disperse heat well.
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Adaptations Venus Fly Trap
Lives in poor soil and acquires nutrients such as Phosphorus from insects Remember that Phosphorus is needed for DNA
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Adaptations Succulents have thick leaves that store water to prevent drying out
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Adaptations Camouflage- blend in with the environment
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Adaptations
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Adaptations Mimicry- mimics or copies characteristics of others
Fly vs Honey Bee Moth vs Bracket Fungi
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Adaptations King snake vs coral snake Moth Eye Spot vs Owl Eyes Remember: Red touch Yellow, Kill a Fellow; Red touch Black, Good for Jack
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Does Natural Selection Occur Now?
Yes, Bacteria reproduce very quickly Over decades of antibiotic use, bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotic medicines Mutations for antibiotic resistance arise naturally and often in bacteria
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Antibiotic Resistance
Today, nearly all bacteria are becoming resistant to one or more antibiotics As bacteria become resistant, physicians must switch to using different antibiotics. Example: Staph infections and Tuberculosis are both more difficult to treat
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Misconceptions of Evolution
Evolution does not just add complexity, it can take it away as well Example: A Tapeworm lacks many organ systems
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Misconceptions of Evolution
Evolution does not “finish” with a “perfect trait” The human eye has a blind spot due to the Optic Nerve
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Evolution Can Add Complexity
Random mutation can lead to more complex changes Example: The icefish is able to withstand the Antarctic freeze because it has an antifreeze protein in its blood that was mutated from the typsinogen protein.
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2 Subgroups of Evolution
Microevolution- refers to evolution as a change in allele frequency in populations Macroevolution- refers to the appearance of a new species over time The following slides are examples of Macroevolution
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Divergent Convergent Evolution Evolution
See Page 383, Figure 8 new organisms some similarities begin to develop in same environment common ancestor different ancestries
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Adaptive Radiation or Divergent Evolution
Adaptive Radiation is a special case of divergent evolution - when many niches are filled Notice that there are 14 species that evolved from the original Finch from South America
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Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
Slow, even change Long periods of no change with bursts of rapid change
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Coevolution Populations are not isolated, and often evolve in response to each other Coevolution is when 2 species are competing to “one up” each other with adaptations
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Coevolution This moth species and this orchid species have coevolved is a close relationship. The moth feeds exclusively on the orchid, and the orchid’s pollen is spread by the moth.
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Another View of the Moth and Orchid
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The End
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