2. 13 Globalization Chapter This chapter:
Explains globalization in more depth.
Discusses its impact on culture, the growth of trade agreements, the importance of the international financial system, global varieties of capitalism, and the erosion of nation-state sovereignty.
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3. McDonald’s Corporation Opening Case
More than half of McDonald’s restaurants are outside of the U.S., accounting for 64% of company revenues.
As a prominent global brand McDonald’s symbolizes perceived evils of globalization.
In developing nations, the arrival of a McDonald’s is regarded as a sign of modernization.
McDonald’s does transfer cultural values and practices. However, most of McDonald’s international restaurants are franchises, run as local businesses. The entrepreneurs who run these businesses adapt them to local custom.
The story of McDonald’s illustrates the complexity of globalization.
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4. What is Globalization?
Globalization occurs when networks of economic, political, social, military, scientific, or environmental interdependence grow to span worldwide differences.
Economic globalization refers to the development of an increasingly integrated commercial system based on free markets in which nations are open to foreign trade and investment.
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5. Major Forces in Expanding Globalization
Ideas
Capital
Labor
MNCs
Governments
Technology
Multilateral organizations
NGOs
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6. Pros of Globalization Has lifted millions of people out of poverty.
Consumer benefits of more variety, lower costs, and higher quality of products.
Improved working conditions for millions of workers.
Human rights have improved.
Per capita income has grown for millions of people.
Spurred the spread of capitalism.
Stimulated more nations to adopt democratic governance.
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7. Cons of Globalization
Workers in developed countries are displaced as companies employ more workers paid lower wages in developing countries.
Millions in the developing countries still remain in poverty.
The gap between per capita incomes of developed and developing countries has widened.
Environmental degradation is growing.
Cultures are becoming contaminated.
Developing countries’ sovereignty is undermined.
Globalization has produced world financial instability.
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8. Increasing Foreign Competition
The pace and intensity of economic competition have increased with globalization.
More and more foreign producers have successfully challenged American corporations both at home and abroad.
U.S. corporations respond to global competitive threats in many ways.
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9. Expanding Regional Trading Agreements
Rapid increase in the number of trade agreements has been a major force in globalization.
Trade agreements have helped to increase global competition and have accelerated world trade.
The largest of these in terms of population are:
European Union (EU)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum
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10. The European Union
On January 1, 1993, the EU became a unified regional market.
On January 1, 1999, the EU adopted the euro.
On May 1, 2004, a major milestone was reach when 10 additional nations were added.
Another milestone was reached when leaders of the 25 European nations signed the 50-article EU constitution.
Many individuals in the newly joined nations face serious problems in complying with EU statutes.
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11. The North American Free Trade Agreement
Created a free trade block consisting of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Labor unions in the U.S. opposed NAFTA from its beginning.
Workers on both sides of the border have seen individual losses and gains.
Expanding trade has opened new opportunities.
Important problems have arisen in the operation of NAFTA.
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12. Other Trade Agreements
Mercado Comun del Sur (Mercosur)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Proposed: Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
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13. Nongovernmental Organizations
Are influential in the formulation of government policy, business policy and strategy, and operations.
Are nonprofit associations.
Can be permanent groups or temporary associations.
Well-established NGOs:
American Red Cross
Amnesty International
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
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14. How Many NGOs Are There?
According to the United Nations, the first international NGO was formed by the Anti-Slavery Society in 1839.
By 1874 there were 32.
The current estimate is more than 1.2 million in the U.S. of all types.
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15. How NGOs Influence Government and Business
Lobbying government officials
Publicizing their positions on issues
Confronting company officials
Participating in high-profile protests
Maintaining Web sites
Working closely with both governments and businesses, supplying research and other support
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16. Globalization and International Financial Stability
Factors that contribute to financial crises:
Huge inflows of money into poor countries
Lagging expansion of financial transactions in the banking systems of many countries
Insufficient bank regulation and weak supervision
The International Monetary Fund was created to:
Promote international monetary cooperation among its members
Promote financial stability
Extend credits and loans to members who are experiencing problems meeting financial obligations
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17. Spreading Capitalism
The global spread of capitalism is one of the most significant trends in recent history.
This development resulted from:
The defeat of authoritarian governments in World War II
The imposition by the victorious powers of democratic free market principles and institutions
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18. Deviations from the American Capitalistic Model
Japanese alliance capitalism
South Korean chaebols
Southeast Asian crony capitalism
Chinese government controlled economy with established free market zones, reduced influence on banking, and no more control of military leaders over state enterprises
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19. Critics of Global Capitalism
Global capitalism is repeating some of the shortcomings of capitalism experienced 100 years ago in the United States:
Exploitation of workers
Uncontrolled investments
Degradation of the environment
The income gap between the rich and poor has widened.
Most of the critics of capitalism do not wish to abolish it but only to reform it.
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20. Institutions and Ideas of Capitalism
Trustworthy financial system with general transparency
Bankruptcy courts
Antitrust laws
A minimum social security net
Limited government regulation
An efficient tax system
Accept private property and a legal system to protect it
Understand and accept the profit motive in private enterprise
An assumption of private enterprise responsibilities to workers and communities
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21. Globalization Erodes Nation-State Sovereignty
The competitiveness imperative amounts to an infringement on state authority.
Agreements that governments make with international institutions that supplant decisions heretofore made by governments.
At a different level, governments in both industrialized and developing countries are held hostage to the power of large MNCs.
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22. Erosion of Cultures
The rapid and explosive spread of American culture throughout the world is one significant trend within globalization.
Throughout the world there is resentment about the transmission of certain Western cultural values.
Majorities of people in Europe like American music, television, and films and technology but dislike the spread of American ideas.
Economic forces of globalization have encouraged massive migrations of peoples.
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23. Concluding Observations
Globalization has created enormous wealth for people all over the world.
It has led to exploitation, dislocation, and suffering for some who have yet to experience its benefits.
It has changed business-government-society relationships in profound and fundamental ways.
The forces of globalization are beneficial to the peoples of the world and promise even greater benefits in the future.
Important reforms are necessary.
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