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If it is to be, it is up to me!

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Presentation on theme: "If it is to be, it is up to me!"— Presentation transcript:

1 If it is to be, it is up to me!
College Knowledge College adds over $1Million to your lifetime family income… But only if you grow up now to take advantage of this opportunity! Your Middle and High School teachers are there to help you open this door… You need to accept their help! Heed their advice! If it is to be, it is up to me!

2 Notice, like you, I have TWO EYES!
I’m Ross Koning Professor of Biology at Eastern Connecticut State University Biology Department PhD 1981 University of Michigan I teach the introductory biology course for biology majors here. Notice, like you, I have TWO EYES! Are they identical?

3 Use both eyes…at arm’s length, center target within finger OK sign
Lock hand in position…see which eye is still aligned by closing the other The eye with good alignment is your dominant eye!

4 Insects appear to have two eyes also, but they are compound!
Figure 46-7 Insects appear to have two eyes also, but they are compound! Each ommatidium sends separate information to their brain. Ommatidia are the functional units of insect eyes.       Ommatidia contain receptor cells that send axons to the CNS. Ommatidia Lens Receptor cells Axons 4

5 Copyright Norton Presentation Manager
Human vs Insect Vision Copyright Norton Presentation Manager

6 Spiders have up to 8 eyes looking in different directions!!
It makes you wonder what exactly they see!

7 Copyright Norton Presentation Manager
Vertebrate Eye senses image Copyright Norton Presentation Manager focuses image blind spot What? controls light sends image to brain

8 Try with BOTH eyes open…do you have a blind spot now? Why not?
Use right eye only (close left eye)…focus only on the target for this test! Lock head in position…hold one finger up at arm’s length to cover view of target Move arm slowly outwards from target (to right for right eye) Find your blind spot for that eye…is it only off to ONE side? try the other side! Does the blind spot extend upwards or downwards? Try with your left eye…is its blind spot on the same side or on the other? Try with BOTH eyes open…do you have a blind spot now? Why not?

9 Use right eye only (close left eye)…our target is a row of numbers
Focus on each number in turn, until the break in the blue lines is in your blind spot. What is different when the blind spot holds a blank area?

10 blind spot CD jpg 10

11 Figure 46-8 11 The structure of the vertebrate eye.
In the retina, cells are arranged in layers. Pigmented epithelium Ganglion cells Connecting neurons Photoreceptor cells Sclera Retina Iris Direction of light Pupil Cornea Fovea Lens Optic nerve (to brain) Axons to optic nerve 11

12 Figure 46-9 The Cephalopod Eye Retina (photoreceptors are on the inside surface) Cornea Lens Sensory nerves to brain This “design” is “more intelligent” than that of mammals (humans) because it lacks the blind spot and maximizes light exposure to receptors 12

13 Eye Evolution

14 Vertebrate Retina rod cone light

15 Rods and cones contain stacks of membranes.
Figure 46-10 Rods and cones contain stacks of membranes. Rhodopsin is a transmembrane protein complex. Opsin (protein component) Retinal (pigment) Cone Rod 0.5 µm Rhodopsin Light Light The retinal molecule inside rhodopsin changes shape when retinal absorbs light. trans conformation (activated) cis conformation (inactive) Opsin Opsin Light 15

16 Use both eyes, stare at area shown in blue for 15 seconds or so

17 What do you see on this blank white slide? Blink if needed!
This is called an “after image” Does it move around as you move your gaze?

18 Light: An Energy Waveform With Particle Properties Too
wavelength visible spectrum nm wavelength (nm) 10-9 meter meter!

19 Vertebrate Retina rod cone light

20 Figure 46-13 Visible spectrum S opsin 420 M opsin 530 L opsin 560 20

21 Use both eyes, stare at the parrot’s eye for 15 seconds or so

22 What color is the bird in the cage?
Blink if needed

23 Use both eyes, stare at the parrot’s eye for 15 seconds or so

24 What color is the bird in the cage?
Blink if needed

25 Use both eyes, stare at the parrot’s eye for 20 seconds or so

26 What color is the bird in the cage?
This color is a bit harder to visualize

27 Use both eyes, stare at the white dot for 20 seconds or so

28

29

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