1. The Growth of Industry
Goal 5

2. Copy and complete this chart. Labor Unions
Year
Important People
Characteristics/Significance
National Labor Union (NLU)
Colored National Labor Union (CLU)
Knights of Labor
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
American Railway Union (ARU)
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)

3. Copy and complete this chart. Strikes
Year
People
Cause
Effects
Great Strike of 1877
Haymarket Affair X
Homestead Strike
Pullman Company Strike

4. X Strikes Strike Year People Cause Effects Great Strike of 1877 1877
Pres. Rutherford B. Hayes
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad workers protested their second wage cut in two months
The strike spread to other railroad lines, stopping traffic for over a week, impeding interstate commerce; Federal troops ended the strike
Haymarket Affair
1886 X
Protest police brutality on strikers; Bomb was thrown into a police line
Police fired on workers; police officers and workers died; Public began to turn against the labor movement

5. Strikes Strike Year People Cause Effects Homestead Strike 1892
Henry Clay Frick
Wage cuts at Carnegie’s Steel Company’s Homestead plant; scabs were brought in and violence irrupted
Three detective and nine workers killed; Plant was closed until the strike was broken up by the National Guard
Pullman Company Strike
1893
Eugene V. Debs
Workers were laid off; pay cuts without a decrease in the cost of housing; Pullman refused to negotiate with workers; ARU boycotted Pullman trains
Scabs were hired and violence irrupted; Federal troops sent in; Debs jailed; Workers fired & blacklisted

6. Characteristics/Significance
Labor Unions
Union
Year
Important People
Characteristics/Significance
National Labor Union (NLU)
1866
William H. Sylvis
First large-scale nations labor union; some local chapters refused African Americans; 1868 got Congress to legalize an eight-hour day for government workers
Colored National Labor Union (CLU)
1869
Isaac Meyers
Emphasized cooperation between management and labor; political reform important; Disbanded because Knights of Labor formed
Knights of Labor
Uriah Stephens
Open to all workers, regardless of race, gender or degree of skill; equal pay and 8 hour work day; Believed strikes should be the last resort & advocated for arbitration

7. Characteristics/Significance
Labor Unions
Union
Year
Important People
Characteristics/Significance
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
1886
Samuel Gompers
Skilled workers; Focused on collective bargaining; Used strikes as a major tactic; Won higher wages and shorter workweeks
American Railway Union (ARU)
1894
Eugene V. Debs
Specific to the railroad industry and included skilled and unskilled laborers; Won higher wages by using strikes
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)
1905
William “Big Bill” Haywood
Radical socialist labor union that wanted government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth; Included miners, lumberers, cannery and dock workers; Included African Americans

8. Create and complete this chart. The Expansion of Industry
Invention
Year
Inventor
Significance
Steam Engine Drill
Bessemer Process
Light bulb
Typewriter/ Telephone

9. The Expansion of Industry
Invention
Year
Inventor
Significance
Steam Engine Drill
1859
Edwin Drake
Drill for oil; oil used in industry
Bessemer Process
1850
Henry Bessemer & William Kelly
Removed the carbon from iron to produce steel, which was more flexible, lighter, and rust-resistant; Railroad boom, bridges, skyscrapers
Light bulb
1876
Thomas Edison
Inexpensive, convenient source of energy used in factories (factories could be located anywhere, not just near water & workers could work all hours, not just in the day
Typewriter/ Telephone
1867/ 1876
Christopher Sholes/ Alexander Graham Bell
New jobs for women

10. The Age of the Railroads
Effects of the
Rapid Growth
Of Railroads

11. The Age of the Railroads
Many different
Regions of America
Were now linked
Iron, steel, coal,
Lumber, and glass
Industries grew because
The railroad needed
Their products
Formation of
Standard time
zones
Trade among cities,
Towns, and settlements
Increased. Communities
Grew and prospered
Rapid Growth
Of Railroads
Long distance
Travel now
Possible for
Many Americans
Some people became
Very rich from
Profits made in the
Railroad industry
New towns created
(ex. Pullman factory,
Which created sleeping cars
For trains, had a town
Built around it to
Support its workers

12. Answer these questions in your notebook.
What factors made the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire in NYC so lethal?
What was the Gentlemen’s Agreement of ?

13. Immigration
Read about what it was like to come through the inspection stations at Ellis Island and Angel Island.
Write a letter home to a friend or family member telling them about your experience at either Ellis Island or Angel Island. (This can be done for homework.)

14. Civil Service Reform
Copy and answers these questions in your notebook.
What is patronage? Why is it bad?
What happened to President Garfield?
What did the Pendleton Civil Service Act do?

15. Vocabulary Munn v. Illinois Interstate Commerce Act Andrew Carnegie
Vertical integration
Horizontal integration
Social Darwinism
John D. Rockefeller
“Robber Barons”
Sherman Antitrust Act
Industrial Workers of the World
Mary Harris Jones
Ellis Island
Angel Island
Melting pot
Nativism
Chinese Exclusion Act
Urbanization
Americanization movement
Tenements
Mass transit
Settlement houses
Jane Addams
Political machine
Boss Tweed

16. Industrialization
Immigration
Urbanization

17. Industrialization

18. Emergence of Big Business
The late 19th century witnessed the emergence of big and powerful businesses, which monopolized their industry.
The leaders of these businesses were called “Robber Barons” due to their unscrupulous business practices.

19. John D. Rockefeller Rockefeller started Standard Oil Company
Why was oil important?

20. Trusts Standard Oil Company was the nation’s first trust.
A trust is a business arrangement in which a number of companies unite into one system.
They want to destroy all competition & create monopolies.

21. Monopolies
A monopoly is when a business has complete control over an industry’s production, quality, wages paid, and prices charged.
The Sherman Anti-trust Act prevented the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfere with free trade.

22. Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie founded a steel company in Pittsburgh, PA (THINK: Pittsburgh Steelers).
Steel was important to the railroad industry.
He was a millionaire philanthropist who began the public library system.
He used vertical and horizontal integration to build his steel empire.

23. Andrew Carnegie

24. Vertical Integration A business buys out all of its suppliers
EX: McDonalds would buy out the makers of:
Buns (Merita Bread Company)
Ketchup (Heinz)
Meat (Smithfield Meats)
French Fries (Idaho)

25. Horizontal Integration
A business buys out all of its competitors
For example, McDonald’s would buy out:
Burger King
KFC
Taco Bell
Sonic

26. Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism was a philosophy of this time period which drew from Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Put in terms of society, Social Darwinism states that it is acceptable for businesses to be big and controlling, because society is all about the “survival of the fittest”.
The weak help the strong survive & thrive.

27. Problems for Workers Many problems were faced by workers in factories:
Long hours
Low pay
No benefits (health insurance, sick leave)
Dangerous working conditions
Child labor

28. Video Questions- “A Child on Strike”
What was your reaction to Camella Teoli’s accident?
What labor practices are taken for granted today that were not afforded to people living in 1910?

29. Workers Unite
Workers united and formed labor unions, which demanded improved working conditions
Labor unions would strike (work stoppages by union members as a form of protest)
Key labor unions included:
National Labor Union
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)
American Railway Union
American Federation of Labor (founded by Samuel Gompers)
Knights of Labor

31. Immigration

32. New Immigrants Assimilate
Immigrants came to America to work in factories.
They often faced culture shock, confusion & anxiety resulting in becoming a part of a new culture that you do not understand.
America became a melting pot, a mixture of different people and cultures who blend together and abandon their native language and culture.

33. Immigration Stations
Ellis Island, New York (Statue of Liberty) was the inspection station for European immigrants.
Angel Island, San Francisco, CA was the inspection station for Asian immigrants.
In 1887, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed which banned entry of all Chinese immigrants, except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials.

34. Video Questions- “From China to Chinatown: Fong See’s American Dream”
How did Fong See overcome the difficulties facing Asian immigrants in America during his lifetime?
What did Lisa See learn about living in a diverse society from her great-grandfather’s experience?

35. Urbanization

36. Causes- Explain the Problem
Urban Problems
Problems
Causes- Explain the Problem
Solutions
1. Housing Shortages
2. Transportation
3. Water
4. Sanitation
5. Crime
6. Fire

37. Urban Problems Problems Causes Solutions 1. Housing Shortages
So many people came to the cities with few housing options:
House of the outskirts of town- but, how would they get into the city for work?
Tenements that were crowded & unsanitary
NYC passed a law that set standards for plumbing and ventilation
2. Transportation
A large number of people needed to move within the city
Mass transit developed, such as street cars & electric subways
3. Water
Need for safe drinking water as populations grew, because there was inadequate piped water or none at all; Diseases spread
Built public waterworks to handle more people; Filtration was introduced

38. Urban Problems Problems Causes Solutions 4. Sanitation 5. Crime
Horse manure piles; sewage in open gutters; smoke from factories; no trash collection
Sewer lines & sanitation departments established
5. Crime
Poverty led to crime such as pick pocketing and theft
Established police forces
6. Fire
Limited water supply; Wooden dwelling; Use of candles & kerosene heaters posed fire hazards; Deadly fire in Chicago & after the San Francisco earthquake
Full time fire departments established; Automatic fire sprinklers invented; Replace wood buildings with brick, stone, and concrete

39. Urban Reforms
A movement called the Social Gospel preached salvation through service to the poor
Settlement houses were created, as community centers for people in urban areas, especially immigrants.
Settlement houses provided educational, cultural, and social services.

40. Jane Addams Hull House, Chicago

41. The Gilded Age
The time period from 1877-early 1900s is known as the “Gilded Age”.
Writer Mark Twain coined this term.
Gilded is something covered in a thin layer of gold to make it look nice & shiny.
This expression was used to imply that the time period appeared to be prosperous, but that appearance was just covering up the poverty and corruption of society.

42. Political Machines
A new power structure emerged in the cities to take control, called political machines.
The political machine was an unofficial entity that kept a certain political party in power.
Political machines were headed by a “boss” who may or may not hold a political office himself.

43. William “Boss” Tweed, Tammany Hall Boss of the NYC Democratic Party

44. The Purpose of the Political Machines
Political machines provided services to the city, such as police & fire departments.
In exchange for votes, the political machines would provide jobs and other services for immigrants.

45. Government Corruption
Many political machines and government officials became corrupt as their power grew.
Graft (using political influence for personal gain) & “kickbacks” (taking money from government construction projects) were common.
Ex. Boss Tweed built a NYC Courthouse which actually cost $3 million, but the taxpayers were charged $13 million

46. TEST REVIEW Industrialization-Immigration-Urbanization
Industrialization: new technologies led to industrialization; robber barons; Rockefeller & Carnegie; Social Darwinism; monopolies; horizontal/vertical integration; trusts- Sherman Antitrust Act= no monopolies
Immigration: Ellis/Angel Island; discrimination; melting pot/assimilation; why they came?; exploitation (problems) of worker; emergence of labor unions
Urbanization: urban problems; reforms; settlement houses; political machine