1. Unit 1: Foundations 8000 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.
Development of Agriculture and Early Agricultural Communities

2. Understanding these things will make your life easier
Foundations
Understanding these things will make your life easier

3. Vocabulary You Need Cultural diffusion Demography
Intervening obstacles
“Marker events”
Migrations
Periodization
Perspective
Push and pull factors

4. B.C.E, C.E.? What? B.C.E. = Before Common Era, replaced B.C.
C.E. = Common Era, replaced A.D.
In B.C.E, the bigger the numbers, the longer ago is happened
In CE, the bigger the numbers, the sooner it happened
Example: 8000 B.C.E. happened before 100 C.E.
2000 C.E. happened AFTER 100 C.E.
B.C.E B.C.E. B.C.E C.E. C.E.

5. Centuries When is the 17th century?
To figure out what years a century is talking about:
1. Take the century subtract 1
Ex: 17th century
17-1 = 16
So 17th century = 1600’s
2. Take the year and add 100 (ignore anything past the first two numbers)
Ex: 1810
= 1910
So, 1800s = 19th century

6. Primary Sources vs. Secondary Sources
Primary sources – original evidence from a time period
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable): Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records 
CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art 
RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings
Ex: Diary of Anne Frank, Constitution of the US, weavings and pottery, journal article reporting NEW research and findings

7. Primary Sources vs. Secondary Sources
A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources.
Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them.
Some types of secondary sources include: PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias 
Ex:
A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous findings 
A history textbook 
A book about the effects of WWI 

8. Geography, The Physical Environment, and You
Change in borers and civilizations are constant
Physically, world of 4000 B.C.E. looks similar to our world today
Geographical history moves slower than political
Before we began transforming landscapes, physical geography shaped and limited activities

9. Geography, The Physical Environment, and You
Perspective or point of view
We all see our surroundings through the lens of our own time period and culture
People have been making cultural distinctions for years, we have to adjust our cultural perspectives as we go through time, realizing cultural meanings from one era impact those of later eras and that change has been continual

10. Demography Demography = study of population
Changes in population are important part of how the human story has shape
Population increases and decreases have caused people to move, bringing other ways of life and causing political, social, and economic changes

11. Migrations Permanent moves to new locations
Occur on local, regional, and global levels
Push factor = encourages people to move from the region they live in
Ex: persecution
Pull factor = attracts people to a new region
Ex: better jobs, more democratic govt
Environmental factors:
Intervening obstacles or physical features that halt or slow migration
Over time, they may have different meanings
Ex: Ocean no longer prevents migration once new technology to cross is develops

12. Cultural Diffusion When people move, bring culture with them
Includes innovations, technology, religion, language food, clothing styles, disease
Diseases have spread as human interactions have increased
14th century plague, contagious diseases with the Native Americans
Cannot pin historical migrations to a single “marker event” because they took place gradually over long period of times
Without them, humans might not have survived the early years

13. Agricultural Development and Early Agricultural Communities

14. Vocabulary You Need Agriculture Bipedalism Catal Hayuk
Cultural diffusion
Division of labor
Horticulture
Independent invention
Jericho
Lucy
“Marker events” of pre-history
Neolithic craft industries
Neolithic Revolution
Paleolithic Age
Pastoralism
Polytheism
Specialization
Surplus

15. When is history?
History usually defined as study of past beginning with first systematic written records in the 4th millennium ( B.C.E.)
Important developments before this that influenced course of world history
“Marker Event” – development of agriculture and agricultural communities

16. Human Life Before 8000 B.C.E.
Humans existed for millions of years by 8000 B.C.E.
Archaeologists (scientists who study prehistoric and ancient peoples) believe the decisive differentiation between humans and apes occurred between 6-8 million yeas ago
Bipedalism (preference for walking erect on two limbs other than four) make us distinct from other mammals

17. Human Life Before 8000 B.C.E.
Earliest bipedal creature – Ardepithecus ramidus found in Ethiopia in 2001
All other human species died out except homo sapiens
Surviving human species between 50,000-10,000 years ago

18. Human Life Before 8000 B.C.E.
Primary sources during this period are objects, artifacts, and skeletal remains
Hominids used refined tools 70,000 years ago during the Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)
Lasted until about 8000 B.C.E.
Humans inhabited all continents except Antarctica

19. Human Life Before 8000 B.C.E. Homo sapiens had many advantages
Forelimbs free from walking
Opposable thumbs
A large brain
Not as strong as other species but figured out how to survive

20. Hunting and Gathering
During Paleolithic Age, humans survived by foraging for food –
Hunting for animals
Gathering edible plants
Traveled in small groups (30-50)
Nomadic – constantly moving to follow animals and find new edible plants
Kept people from accumulating possessions or claiming property ownership

21. Hunting and Gathering Division of labor based on sex
Men hunt
Women gather
No evidence one was considered more important than the other
Survival depended on understanding of environment
Older women had extensive knowledge of plants and passed skills to younger women
Hunters had to make clever traps and figure out ways to hunt animals larger than them

22. Importance Of Tools Early tools made of:
Wood
Bone
Stone
Few survive today
Tools used to help build huts and eventually to weave cloth.
Allowed them to invent and sustain agriculture

23. Paleolithic Culture Little is known because of few surviving artifacts
Cave paintings in North Africa, oldest from 32,000 years ago
Some paintings indicate they had well-developed religion
Careful, ritualistic burials
In areas with abundant resources, humans probably only spent 3-5 hours tending to their survival
Rest of time used to make tools, create art, and socialize

24. Neolithic Revolution Marker event – 8000 B.C.E. (roughly)
Neolithic (New Stone Age) Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
Not a single event, occurred at different times in different parts of the world
Took several generations to truly take hold
Agriculture
Deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
Adopted originally to supplement needs

25. Early Horticulture and Pastoralism
Horticulture used only hand tools such as hoes and digging sticks
Pastoralists first domestication of animals but remained semi-nomadic
Horticulturists first to settle in one place and eventually integrated domestication of animals
Agriculturalists could cultivate larger fields and plows turned soil to increase fertility
Communities grew larger as surpluses grew

26. Domestication of Grains
Middle East has earliest evidence of agriculture
Development of agriculture dependent on availability of grains and animals that could be domesticated in the area
Availability of food may have sped up the process
Food scarce, develop agriculture as an alternative
Plants in Middle East spread through cultural diffusion
People learned from those already farming
Agriculture developed as an independent invention
(No cultural diffusion)
Domesticated rice in China, maize in Mesoamerica, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and peppers in Peru

27. Domestication of Animals
As people settled down, trained animals to stay put, too
Some more easily domesticated than others
Dogs were probably first
More directly related to development of agriculture:
Domestication of sheep and goats in SW Asia
Cows in Eurasia and N. Africa
Water buffalo and chickens in China
Camels in Arabia and central Asia
Horses and pigs in Eurasa
Llamas in the Andes
Mesoamerica, Sub-Saharan Africa, New Guinea, and Andes had few good animal candidates

28. Neolithic Revolution as a Marker Event
Changes to the way human beings lived:
People settled down
Division of labor
Social inequality
Gender inequality
Importance of surplus
Religious changes

29. People Settled Down To be near crops, humans settled into villages
Didn’t have to worry about carrying possessions, so started to accumulate goods
Began to claim land as their own
Private property began to define human society

30. Division of Labor Basic division in hunter/gatherer:
Men hunt
Women gather
People started to see advantages of “specialization”
All work could be done more efficiently

31. Social Inequality
Hunter/gatherer groups usually had relative social equality
Agricultural societies had social distinctions, eventually evolving into social classes
People with more land than others passed it to their children
Some families more “distinguished” than others
Some specializations awarded more respect or material awards
Social inequality increased

32. Gender Inequality
Neolithic Revolution beginning of status distinctions between men and women
Women lost economic power in agricultural societies
Men took over animals and crops, women sent to domestic chores no longer needed for survival

33. Importance of Surplus Not everyone a farmer anymore
Farmer had to produce a surplus to support him and his family and others in village
Food could be put away for bad periods
Health improved, population increased, more specialization occurred, villages grew
Eventually grew to cities that needed specialized jobs in government

34. Religious Changes Most agricultural societies developed polytheism
Belief in many gods
“gods” with human characteristics presided over areas important to farmers
Sun gods, rain gods, gods of the harvest, female fertility gods

35. Three Craft Industries
Three craft industries developed as result of Neolithic Revolution:
Pottery
Containers for sharing foods, waterproof
Made by fire-hardening clay
Metallurgy
Copper probably first metal humans shaped into tools and jewelry
By 6000 B.C.E. discovered they could heat to high temperatures and fashioned knives, farm tools, and weapons
Textiles
People wove fibers as early as 6000 B.C.E.
Eventually spun spread and wove into cloth

36. Growth of Towns and Cities
By 4000 B.C.E., villages had grown into towns, and towns into small cities
Jericho on the Jordan River
Catal Huyuk in southern Turkey
Both heavily fortified for protection
Jericho’s houses were surrounded by a ditch and wall almost 12 ft high
Catal Huyuk’s houses were joined together so outside entrances were barricaded and houses could not be invaded
Both relied on trade
Foreshadowing of great civilizations and cities of 4th millennium B.C.E.