1. Chapter 4-5: Classical Greece and Rome and the end of the Classical Era. AP World History, Mr. Bartula

2. Minoan Civilization
Crete, ca 1700 BCE

3. Fertile Soil
Isolation
Limited Resources encouraged immigration, trade
Trade and contact with Egypt, Mesopotamia, other Mediterranean islands
Wealthy
Little evidence of military

4. Artistic
Social and Gender Equality
Anthropomorphic religion with Goddesses dominant

5. The Palace of Knossos

6. Minoan Art

9. Linear A and B

10. Ca 1450-1500 BCE: Eruption of Thera

11. The Mycenaeans
Settled in mainland Greece before and after the Minoan collapse
Minoan weakness allowed Mycenaeans to gain strength

12. Mycenean Culture Warlike Patriarchal Adapted Minoan culture Monarchies
Merchants and traders
Wealth concentrated in hands of monarchs
Major cities: Mycenae, Tiryns, Troy

18. Troy Ruins

19. The Real Trojan War

20. Mycenaean Tombs

21. The Mask of Agamemnon

22. Mycenaean Decline Conflict between Troy and Mycenae
Population decline in cities
Ca 1100 BCE, cities abandoned

23. BCE: Greek Dark Ages
Dorians move into Greek mainland and take control
Sedentary agricultural, non-urban
Mountainous topography, irregular coastline precluded unity
Thin, rocky soil encouraged fishing and trading rather than farming

26. Development of the Polis
Ca 800 BCE: Trade revived
Market places formed in villages
Small villages combined for better trade and self-defense
City-states developed around acropolises

28. Classical Greece ca 750- ca 350 BCE

29. Classical Greece Independent city-states (polises)
Two dominant city states: Athens and Sparta
Patriarchal
Polytheistic

30. Athenian Political Development
All polises began as monarchies
Monarchies were replaced by oligarchies: rule by a few.
Oligarchies are also called aristocracies or timocracies: rule by the wealthy.

31. Notable Athenian Oligarchs
Draco: harsh laws
Solon: wise laws

32. Peisistratus: Tyrant of Athens
Seized power unlawfully
Continued Solon’s reforms

33. Cleisthenes: Father of Democracy
All citizens members of the Assembly (direct democracy)
Citizens: male property owners over 21, born in Athens
Council of 500 the governing body
Assembly met in the agora (market place)

34. Athenian Military
Hoplites: citizen soldiers
Phalanx

35. Sparta
Militarist
Government by Two Kings
Social and Gender Equality

36. The Persian Wars BCE

37. The Persian Empire Zoroastrian Monarchy Powerful Military
Highly Civilized

38. Battle of Marathon 490 BCE 26 miles from Athens
Athenian hoplites using phalanx defeated Persians
Great event in Athenian history
Persians barely noticed

39. Second Persian War 480 BCE
Persian King Xerxes launched major invasion of Greece
150,000 man army
600 ship navy

40. Thermopylae

41. Salamis

42. The Golden Age of Athens 480-404 BCE
Athens dominant city-state, led Delian League
Rich and powerful
Under Pericles, magnificent architecture

45. The Parthenon

46. Greek art

48. Peloponnesian Wars 431-404 BCE
Sparta and other Greek city-states attacked Athens
Athens surrendered after an epidemic killed large numbers of its citizens, including Pericles.
Sparta required Athens to tear down its walls and submit to Spartan rule.

49. Peloponnesian Wars

50. Greek Philosophy Individualism
Ethical Behavior, sense of right and wrong
Separate from religious beliefs

51. Socrates 469-399 BCE Know Thyself Question Everything
Only the Pursuit of Goodness brings Happiness
Condemned to Suicide for “Corrupting the Youth of Athens”

52. Plato 427-347 BCE Student of Socrates
“The Republic”: philosopher-kings
Founder of The Academy
“The Prisoners in the Cave” and the Ideal Forms.

53. Aristotle 384-322 BCE Student of Plato Founder of The Lyceum
Scientific Method
The Golden Mean (moderation)
Logic

54. Alexander The Great 356-323 BCE
Son of King Philip of Macedon, who had conquered Greece
Student of Aristotle
“Greek mind”
Became King at age 21 and set out to conquer the world.

55. Conquered the Persian Empire, Egypt, and the Fertile Crescent.
Eventually pushed to Indus River Valley
Encouraged “Hellenization” of Middle Eastern cultures
Resulted in Cultural Diffusion and development of Hellenistic culture throughout his empire
Died of fever at age 33.

58. Alexander’s Empire After His Death
Divided by his generals
Hellenistic culture, cross-cultural trade continued
Linked Mediterranean with India, China
Preserved Greek culture

60. Early Roman History Italian Peninsula Greek influence
Etruscan influence
Cultural Copying: Greek religion and Roman religion

61. Roman Culture Patriarchal Agrarian Practical rather than Philosophical
Engineering, Architecture, Administration.

63. The Roman Republic 509-44 BCE
Patricians vs Plebeians
Senate
Assembly
Consuls
Tribunes
Dictators

64. The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Rome vs Carthage Rome victorious
Roman control of Mediterranean “Mare Nostrum”
Roman tolerance
Expansion of slavery
Unemployment
Instability

65. The Civil Wars 133-31 BCE Struggles between senators and generals
Julius Caesar
Octavian became sole ruler after Battle of Actium 31 BCE

66. The Pax Romana 31 BCE- 180 CE Octavian became Emperor Augustus
Emperors held sole power
Roman armies maintained law and order
No clear line of succession to the throne.

68. Decline and Fall of Rome
“barbarian invasions” after 180 CE
Economic decline
Corruption and luxury
Lead poisoning?
Christianity

72. Christianity Jewish religious beliefs Zoroastrianism(?)
Greco-Roman philosophy
Jesus
Paul
Roman persecutions

73. Division of the Empire
Emperor Diocletian divided the Empire into East and West
Response to invasions,
Economic decline

75. Emperor Constantine I 306-337
Legalized Christianity with the Edict of Milan 313
Established new capital at Byzantium, renamed Constantinople
Eastern Roman Empire eventually became the Byzantine Empire
Western Roman Empire weakened and collapsed in 476

77. Divisions Among Christians
Arguments over the nature of Christ and His relationship to God
Bishop Athanasius: Jesus is Son of God and identical to God.
Bishop Arius: Jesus was born human and was created by God. He was similar, but not identical, to God.

78. Council of Nicaea 325
Meeting of Church leaders called by Emperor Constantine to determine true Christian belief.
Arius and his followers (Arians) were declared heretics (false believers).
Nicene Creed written to summarize basic Christian beliefs.

80. Final Division of the Church
Western Christians followed the Roman Catholic Church under the Pope’s leadership.
Eastern Christians followed the Eastern Orthodox Church under the leadership of the Byzantine Emperor and the Patriarchs.
In 1054, a final split occurred over priestly celibacy.

82. The Spread of Civilization and the End of the Classical Era
By 200 CE three great empires dominated Eurasia:
The Roman Empire
Han China
Mauryan-Gupta India

84. Fall of the Classical Empires
All three Empires faced economic decline, corruption from within, and other weaknesses.
Most importantly, all three suffered from invasions of pastoral nomadic people, especially the . . .

85. Hsiung-nu (aka the Huns)

86. Spread of Major Religions
As the classical empires declined, major religions spread into new areas, bringing other cultural changes with them.
Hinduism to Southeast Asia
Buddhism to China, Korea, Japan
Christianity to Northern Europe (Roman Catholicism) and Eastern Europe and Russia (Eastern Orthodoxy.)

87. Similarities of the Universal Religions
All focused on the need to prepare for an eternal afterlife, rather than seeking aid for present problems.
All offered universal salvation, including lower classes and women.
Buddhism and Christianity believed in especially holy people: bhodissatvas and saints.

88. Northern Europe
Christian missionaries from Rome brought the new religion to the north using the Roman road system.
Monasteries in Northern and Western Europe preserved books and manuscripts from the classical era.

91. Viking Voyages
The Vikings sailed from Scandinavia throughout Western Europe and over the Atlantic Ocean to Iceland and Greenland

93. Polynesian and Oceanian Migrations

95. Africa “The Dark Continent”?? Desertification led to Bantu migrations
Iron technology
Ethiopia, Kush, Axum under Christian, Egyptian influence
Center of trade and caravan routes

96. Cross cultural Trade in the Post-Classical Period
Trade occurred among Europeans, but Europe was too backwards to be too involved in cross cultural trade
Vikings linked Northern Europe with the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions.
Africa was linked to Europe, Mediterranean, and Indian Ocean regions via ships and caravan routes.
Missionaries and Merchants carried cultural changes along trade routes.

97. The Silk Road

98. Taklamakan Desert

99. Part of the Silk Road

100. The Himalayas

101. The Indian Ocean

102. The Americas

103. Pre-Columbian contact with the Americas?
Circumstantial Evidence
Cotton
Sweet potatoes

104. The Olmecs and Mayas

105. Olmec Sculptures

106. Mayan Architecture

108. Mayan Calendar

109. Native American Civilizations
High caloric foods: maize, squash, etc.
No large animals suitable for domestication, thus no diseases
Little technology
Little metallurgy
Well organized societies with governments and cities
Cyclical world view