1. DRUGS AND ARMS TRAFFICKING IN AFRICA Experts Workshop on Maritime Security and Safety, African Union, 6-7 April 2010, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW:
DRUG TRAFFICKING IN AFRICA (TRENDS)
ARMS TRAFFICKING IN AFRICA (TRENDS)
LINK BETWEEN ARMS AND DRUG TRAFFICKING
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND UNODC ACTIVITIES 3

3. 2009 WORLD DRUG REPORT
Reductions in the production of cocaine (18% in Colombia) and heroin (19% in Afghanistan)
Global seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) is
increasing.

4. TRAFFICKING IN COCAINE, 2007

5. TRAFFICKING IN HEROIN, 2007

6. 6

7. COCAINE TRAFFICKING IN WEST AFRICA
THREAT ASSESSMENT:
COCAINE TRAFFICKING IN WEST AFRICA
Route: from South America to Europe
Source: South America (Colombia and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ))
Vector to West Africa: Sea, air
Vector within West Africa: Land, air
Volume: 20 tons
Value at destination: US$ 1 billion
Groups involved: Colombian, Nigerian, other West African, European
Residence of traffickers: Colombia, Spain, other European countries
Estimated trend: Declining
Potential effects in region: Rising cocaine use, economic destabilization, corruption, violence
Likelihood of effects being realised: Unknown
Potential effects outside region: Rising cocaine use in Europe
Likelihood of effects being realised: High

9. Some decline Stable Some increase Large increase Data not available
AFRICA: HEROIN CONSUMPTION, 2008
Tunisia
Morocco
Algeria
Egypt
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Mauritania
Mali
Niger
Eritrea
Chad
Sudan
Senegal
Ginea-Bissau
Burkina Faso
Djibouti
Ginea
Togo
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Sierra-Leone
Cote d’Ivoire
Ghana
Central African Republic
Liberia
Cameroon
Uganda
Somalia
Congo
DRC
Kenya
Gabon
Rwanda
Some decline
Stable
Some increase
Large increase
Data not available
Burundi
Tanzania
HEROIN USE RISING IN AFRICA
MILLION USING OPIATES
HIGH LEVELS REPORTED IN MAURITIUS AND EGYPT
RISING IN KENYA, NIGERIA, TANZANIA AND ZAMBIA
Angola
Zambia
Malawi
Mozambique
Madagascar
Zimbabwe
Namibia
Botswana
Swaziland
South Africa
Lesotho

10. AFRICA: COCAINE CONSUMPTION, 2007

11. ARMS TRAFFICKING IN AFRICA

12. ACTIVE CONFLICTS AND MILITARY STOCKPILES, 2008

13. TRENDS
Market for illicit arms is  estimated globally at US$ million per year, which is about 20 per cent of the (licit and measurable) arms trade.
Africa remains the arms smugglers' most profitable market
Small arms, unlike drugs or counterfeits, are a durable product (AK-47 can last indefinitely, it just needs ammunition)
Thus, arms trafficking tends to be episodic, rather than a permanent flow, with a predictable pattern: from countries with large stockpiles to a region descending, or pushed, into crisis.

14. HOW ILLEGAL ARMS TRAFFICKING IS CONDUCTED?
Complex transport routes are exploited, linking the continents (for example the regions of East, Central and West Africa have been identified as transit or diversion points for arms cargoes from Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia), the Middle East (Lebanon, Israel) and Asia (China) with a destination of Latin America and the Caribbean)
Corruption in the source country (known as "point of departure diversion"), enables traffickers to use fake end-user certificates for legal exports.
Corruption at the "official" destination enables a legal shipment to be diverted to a different location ("post-delivery onward diversion"):  the tanks, weapons and ammunition on a Ukrainian ship hijacked by Somali pirates (in September 2008) were intended for South Sudan, not Kenya, as the papers said.
At the true destination, in countries for example in the Sahel, Central, East and
West Africa, weapons are bartered for drugs and natural resources (oil, precious stones, metals and timber). As a result, arms trafficking and organized crime fuel conflicts and vice versa.

15. LINK BETWEEN ARMS AND DRUG TRAFFICKING
Both represent transnational organized crime
Both illegal arms and drugs are profitable criminal market
commodities (exchangeable)
Both divert from countries of strong control to weaker ones
(Baloon effect)
Both rely on weak border control, rule of law and corruption
Both exploit same trafficking routes
Both pose serious threat to human security and stability in the regions

16. WAY FORWARD
There is a need to better understand criminal markets in order to be disable them through structural changes, which will make it difficult for organized crime to do what they do;
Strengthen border control and cooperation among countries;
Enhance rule of law and criminal justice system;
Strengthen the capacity of law enforcement response to the threats posed by arms and drug trafficking

17. WHAT UNODC DOES TO ADDRESS THESE THREATS?

18. Transnational Organized Crime Convention
entered into force in September 2003
The Convention applies to all serious crime with a transnational and organized crime aspect
It applies to four basic offences - (participation in an organized criminal group, money laundering, corruption and obstruction of justice)- and to the offences defined under the Protocols (trafficking in human beings, smuggling of migrants, trafficking in firearms).
It offers a particularly effective mechanism for international cooperation in criminal matters, by providing a broad and flexible legal basis for cooperation on extradition, mutual legal assistance and international cooperation

19. FIREARMS PROTOCOL (United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Ammunition) entered into force in July 2005
Parties to the Protocol are required:
Adopt legislation to prevent guns from falling into the wrong hands;
Criminalize the removal of the markings on guns;
Keep the records necessary to trace them;
Prevent the re-activation of disabled guns;
Promote cooperative regimes to monitor gun flows;
Prevent weapons theft; and build law enforcement capacity across borders.

20. FIREARMS PROTOCOL HELPS TO:
Close loopholes in national legislation
Tighten up regulations of air/sea transport of weapons
Develop regional databases on seizures 
Promote inter-agency cooperation between customs, civil aviation, port and export licensing authorities
Profile suspicious shipments
Share information with countries to verify compliance with international agreements
Follow the money trail of arms and drugs deals to seize the proceeds of crime

21. UNODC PRESENCE IN AFRICA
Regional Office for North Africa and Middle East
Based in Cairo, Egypt
Regional Office for West Africa (covering Central Africa as well)
Based in Dakar, Senegal
Regional Office for South Africa (covering Central Africa as
well)
Based in Pretoria, South Africa
Regional Office for Eastern Africa
Based in Nairobi, Kenya

22. UNODC REGIONAL PROGRAMMES IN AFRICA
Regional Programmes are being developed for each region in Africa, which address issues of organized crime, drugs and terrorism.

23. REGIONAL PROGRAMME FOR EASTERN AFRICA (2009-2012)
Sub-programmes:
1. Countering illicit trafficking, organized crime and terrorism
2. Fighting corruption and promoting justice and integrity
3. Improving health and human development

24. Thank you for your attention!
Ms. Ainura Bekkoenova, Associate Expert
UNODC Regional Office for Eastern Africa
Nairobi, Kenya
Tel: