1. Chapter 5: Consciousness
Case Study: Biofeedback and Consciousness
Section 1: The Study of Consciousness
Section 2: Sleep and Dreams
Section 3: Altered States of Consciousness
Section 4: Drugs and Consciousness
Experiment: Applying What You’ve Learned

2. Case Study: Biofeedback and Consciousness
Biofeedback has shed some light on the nature of consciousness.
Biofeedback is a system for monitoring and feeding back information about certain biological processes.
Biofeedback monitors show, for example, when a person’s heart rate is slower.
Biofeedback
Biofeedback helps people see how voluntary behavior affects involuntary behavior.
Biofeedback is used to treat high blood pressure, seizures, migraine headaches, and digestive disorders.
Applications –

3. What do you think?
How can people learn to control involuntary behavior?
If you could use biofeedback to control an involuntary behavior, what would it be?

6. Section 1 at a Glance The Study of Consciousness
Consciousness, like intelligence or emotions, is a construct; that is, it is a concept that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly.
Consciousness has a number of different meanings, including sensory awareness, direct inner awareness, and a sense of self.
There are several levels of consciousness, including the preconscious, unconscious, and nonconscious.

7. The Study of Consciousness
Main Idea
Consciousness, the awareness of things that are both inside and outside of ourselves, is an elusive but essential subject of study for psychologists.
Reading Focus
Why is consciousness a psychological construct?
What are the general meanings of consciousness?
What distinguishes the different levels of consciousness from full conscious awareness?

8. What are you aware of right now?

9. Consciousness as a Construct
Consciousness means the awareness of things that are both inside and outside ourselves.
Psychologists have not always thought that consciousness should be a part of the study of psychology.
Today, however, many psychologists believe that consciousness can be studied scientifically.
Consciousness is a psychological construct because it cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly.
Consciousness is known by its effects on behavior.

10. Why do some psychologists think consciousness can be studied?
Reading Check
Summarize
Why do some psychologists think consciousness can be studied?
Answer: Consciousness can be linked with measurable behaviors, such as talking, and with brain waves.

11. Meanings of Consciousness
Consciousness as Sensory Awareness
One meaning of consciousness is sensory awareness of the environment.
This meaning of consciousness is being aware of things outside of yourself.
Focusing on a particular stimulus is referred to as selective attention.
Consciousness as Direct Inner Awareness
Direct inner awareness is when you are conscious of thoughts, images, emotions, memories, or abstract concepts.
This meaning of consciousness is being aware of things inside yourself.

12. Consciousness as Sense of Self
Consciousness as sense of self means that we are aware of ourselves and our existence.
Only when young children grow older do they begin to understand that they are unique individuals, separate from other people and from their surroundings.

13. What are the three uses of the term “consciousness”?
Reading Check
Identify
What are the three uses of the term “consciousness”?
Answer: can refer to sensory awareness, to direct inner awareness, and to consciousness as a sense of self

14. Different Levels of Consciousness
The Preconscious Level
Preconscious thought is stored knowledge that is retrievable into conscious awareness.
The Unconscious Level
Information stored in the unconscious level is unavailable to awareness under most circumstances.
The Nonconscious Level
The nonconscious level refers to bodily processes, such as the growing of hair, of which we are not aware.
Altered States of Consciousness
In altered states of consciousness, a person’s sense of self or sense of the world changes.
Examples: sleep and hypnosis

16. What are Freud's three levels of consciousness?
Reading Check
Find the Main Idea
What are Freud's three levels of consciousness?
Answer: preconscious, unconscious, conscious

17. Section 2 at a Glance Sleep and Dreams
The sleep cycle is made up of four stages of sleep and REM sleep.
Sleep serves important physical and psychological needs.
Common sleep problems include insomnia, nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.

18. Sleep and Dreams Main Idea Reading Focus
Sleeping and dreaming are essential to human health, although many questions remain. Some people are troubled by various sleep problems.
Reading Focus
What is the sleep cycle?
How have psychologists explored the importance of sleep and dreams?
What are sleep problems?

19. How did a dream become a classic horror story?

20. The Sleep Cycle The Stages of Sleep REM Sleep
Much of how people, animals, and plants function is governed by circadian rhythms, or biological clocks.
Circadian rhythms in humans include a sequence of bodily changes that occurs every 24 hours.
The most studied circadian rhythm is the sleep-wake cycle.
Sleep stages are described in terms of brain-wave patterns.
There are five stages of sleep.
Stage 1 is the lightest stage of sleep.
Stage 4 is the stage of deepest sleep.
The Stages of Sleep
After about 30 minutes of stage 4 sleep, we return to stage 3, then stage 2, and then stage 1 sleep.
This takes about 90 minutes.
Then another stage of sleep begins. It is called rapid-eye-movement sleep, or REM sleep. Beneath the closed lids, the eyes move rapidly.
REM Sleep –

22. Which is the deepest stage of sleep?
Reading Check
Recall
Which is the deepest stage of sleep?
Answer: stage 4

23. The Importance of Sleep and Dreams
People need sleep to revive the tired body and build up resistance to infection.
Sleep may help people recover from stress and consolidate memories.
REM sleep seems to help animals and people learn, remember, and retain information.
REM sleep is when we have the most vivid dreams.
People dream in color and in black and white.
People seem to dream in “real time.”
People do not always remember their dreams.
Dreams
Sigmund Freud theorized that dreams reflect a person’s unconscious wishes and urges.
He also believed people dream in symbols as a way to deal with painful material they cannot otherwise deal with consciously.
The Freudian View –

24. The Biopsychological Approach
Some psychologists believe that dreams begin with biological, not psychological, activity.
According to this view, neurons fire during sleep. The neurons fire in the part of the brain that controls movement and vision. The brain tries to make sense of them by dreaming.

26. When do we have the most vivid dreams?
Reading Check
Recall
When do we have the most vivid dreams?
Answer: during REM sleep

28. Sleep Problems Insomnia Nightmares and Night Terrors
Insomnia is the inability to sleep.
The most common type of insomnia is difficulty in falling asleep.
Many psychologists believe that the best ways to overcome insomnia do not involve medication.
They recommend using relaxation techniques, establishing regular bedtimes, and using pleasant images to relax.
Nightmares and Night Terrors
Nightmares are a product of REM sleep.
People who are anxious or depressed are more likely to have nightmares.
Night terrors are similar to nightmares but they are more severe.
Night terrors tend to occur during deep sleep.

29. Sleepwalking Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Many children walk in their sleep.
Most children outgrow sleepwalking as they mature.
Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is a breathing interruption that occurs during sleep.
About 10 million Americans have sleep apnea.
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a rare sleep problem in which people suddenly fall asleep, no matter what time it is or where they are.
It is believed to be a genetic disorder of REM-sleep functioning.

31. What are some of the main types of sleep problems?
Reading Check
Summarize
What are some of the main types of sleep problems?
Answer: insomnia, nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking

32. Current Research in Psychology
Sleep Deprivation in Teens
Lack of sleep affects both the mind and the body. Sleep deprivation can produce mental states of fatigue, drowsiness, and irritability. In addition, lack of sleep can contribute to physical symptoms such as weight gain, heart disease, and other symptoms and ailments. Teenagers who do not get enough sleep can also develop these problems.
Studies show a link between lack of sleep and increased rates of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke.
Teenagers need 9.2 hours of sleep a night.
Many high school students get less than 9.2 hours of sleep a night.
Lack of adequate sleep puts teenagers at risk for weight gain, poor school performance, car accidents, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse.
Starting school later might be one possible solution to insufficient sleep by teenagers. –

35. Thinking Critically What are some of the signs of sleep deprivation?
What might be the advantages of starting school later?

36. Section 3 at a Glance Altered States of Consciousness
Altered states of consciousness can be achieved while awake through biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis.
There are many myths surrounding hypnosis.
Although there are controversies related to the use of hypnotism, hypnosis can be used to recall memories, reduce pain, and quit bad habits.

37. Altered States of Consciousness
Main Idea
A variety of techniques have been developed in order to achieve altered states of consciousness.
Reading Focus
How do meditation and biofeedback work?
What is hypnosis?
How can hypnosis be used?

38. Are you feeling drowsy yet?

39. Meditation and Biofeedback
People use meditation to narrow their consciousness so that the stress of the outside world fades away.
Evidence suggests that meditation can help people relax.
Studies have found that meditation is an effective way to lower blood pressure.
Biofeedback
Biofeedback is a system that provides, or “feeds back,” data about something that is happening in the body.
People have used biofeedback to treat headaches and lower blood pressure.
Biofeedback has been used to treat ADHD.

40. What do meditation and biofeedback have in common?
Reading Check
Compare
What do meditation and biofeedback have in common?
Answer: Both are methods for achieving altered states of consciousness.

41. Hypnosis: Myths and Realities
Hypnosis is a condition in which people appear to be highly suggestible and to behave as if they are in a trance. Some psychologists believe that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. Others wonder whether hypnosis is truly an altered state of consciousness.
Hypnosis dates back to the late 1700s with the work of Franz Mesmer.
Today doctors and psychologists use hypnosis in a variety of ways: as an anesthetic, to help reduce anxiety, manage pain, or overcome fears.
The History of Hypnosis
Professional hypnotists may put people into a hypnotic trance by asking them to focus on something specific.
People who are easily hypnotized are said to have hypnotic suggestibility.
Achieving Hypnosis –

42. Explaining Hypnosis
Sigmund Freud’s explanation: Hypnotized people put fantasy and impulse before fact and logic. Therefore, they believe what the hypnotist tells them.
The role theory explanation: Hypnotized people are playing a part as if they are in a play. Unlike actors, however, hypnotized people may believe what they are doing is real.
There is no one generally accepted explanation for hypnosis.

44. Whose ideas began the technique of hypnosis?
Reading Check
Recall
Whose ideas began the technique of hypnosis?
Answer: Franz Mesmer

45. The Uses of Hypnosis Hypnosis and Memory Hypnosis and Pain Prevention
Hypnosis is not a reliable approach to help people remember details of a crime.
Many psychologists argue that material recalled under hypnosis should not be used as testimony in trials.
Hypnosis and Pain Prevention
Hypnosis has been used to help people prevent pain.
A similar effect can be achieved through relaxation techniques and breathing exercises.

46. Hypnosis and Quitting Bad Habits
Therapists may use posthypnotic suggestion to help people quit a bad habit.
In posthypnotic suggestion, the therapist gives instruction during the hypnosis that the patient is to carry out after the session has ended.

47. How have the police made use of hypnosis?
Reading Check
Summarize
How have the police made use of hypnosis?
Answer: to jog the memories of witnesses to a crime

48. Cultural Diversity and Psychology
Multicultural Perspectives on Consciousness
Visions, dreams, meditation, and hallucinations are important components of many cultures, reflecting the human desire to reach beyond what the senses can perceive directly. The methods for reaching these altered states of consciousness, however, are as diverse as the people who inhabit this planet.
Australian Aborigines use ritual songs, dances, stories, and dreams to create the Dreamtime world.
The Mevlevi use dancing to create an altered state of consciousness. They are known as whirling dervishes.
The Hindu yoga school uses meditation to achieve an altered state of consciousness.
Buddhists meditate to achieve a state of enlightenment called nirvana.
The Inca in the Andean highlands of South America use a drug called yage to induce hallucinations.
The Huichol Indians use peyote to induce hallucinations. –

51. Thinking Critically
Why do you think some cultures view altered states of consciousness as something to be avoided?
Other cultures view altered states as something to be sought out. Why might this be so?

52. Section 4 at a Glance Drugs and Consciousness
Depressants slow down the nervous system, stimulants increase the activity of the nervous system, and hallucinogens produce hallucinations.
Treatments for drug abuse include detoxification, maintenance programs, counseling, and support groups.

53. Drugs and Consciousness
Main Idea
Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens are all drugs that can affect consciousness. Drug abuse can be dealt with by a number of available treatments.
Reading Focus
How do depressants affect the body?
What are stimulants?
What are hallucinogens?
How do some treatments for drug abuse work?

54. Why did tobacco companies keep the results of nicotine studies hidden from the public?

55. Depressants
Many drugs are addictive. Addiction to a drug means that after the person takes that drug for a while, the body craves it just to feel normal.
Depressants are drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system.
Alcohol is the most widely used drug in the United States.
Alcohol is a depressant.
It causes intoxication, or drunkenness.
Regular consumption can lead to addiction.
Alcohol
Narcotics are addictive depressants used to relieve pain and induce sleep.
Many are derived from the opium poppy plant.
They include morphine and heroin.
Narcotics –

56. Recall What are narcotics? Reading Check
Answer: Narcotics are addictive depressants that can be used to relieve pain and induce sleep.

57. Stimulants Stimulants increase the activity of the nervous system.
They include nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cocaine.
Nicotine is one of the most common stimulants.
It spurs release of adrenaline.
Regular use can lead to addiction.
Nicotine is found in tobacco.
Cigarette smoking is as addictive as heroin.
Nicotine
Amphetamines are stimulants often used for staying awake or reducing appetite.
They can cause hallucinations, perceptions that seem to be real but are not, and delusions, false ideas that seem real.
One extremely addictive form is methamphetamine.
Amphetamines –

58. Cocaine
Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant.
It raises blood pressure, increases heart rate, and decreases supply of oxygen.
Use of cocaine can sometimes cause death.
One very harmful form is known as crack.

59. Click on the image to play the Interactive.

60. What are three types of stimulants?
Reading Check
Summarize
What are three types of stimulants?
Answer: nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

61. Hallucinogens A hallucinogen is a drug that produces hallucinations.
Produced from the leaves of the cannabis sativa plant
May produce feelings of relaxation and mild hallucinations
Impairs perception, coordination, memory, and learning
Can have severe effects on consciousness
Marijuana
Can produce intense hallucinations
Sometimes called acid
Can cause injury or suicide
Side effects include memory loss, violent outbursts, nightmares, and panic
LSD –

62. Other Hallucinogens
Mushrooms that contain psilocybin, which produces altered perceptions, confusion, anxiety, and panic
Peyote, which contains mescaline
Ecstasy, a pill that produces hallucinations, increased energy, loss of judgment, and serious side effects including nausea and high blood pressure

63. Recall What are LSD’s effects? Reading Check
Answer: Intense hallucinations as well as panic and confusion. Side effects include memory loss, violent outbursts, and nightmares.

64. Treatments for Drug Abuse
Varies depending on the drug
One treatment is detoxification
harmful substances are removed from the body
most commonly used with alcohol and narcotic addiction
Other treatments include:
maintenance programs
counseling
support groups

65. What is the process of detoxification?
Reading Check
Summarize
What is the process of detoxification?
Answer: Harmful substances are removed from the body; addict is weaned from the drug.

67. Experiment: Applying What You’ve Learned
Student Achievement and Sleep Deprivation
What is the connection between adequate sleep and student academic achievement?
You will work with a partner to design and run an experiment that tests sleep deprivation and memory.
You will include a hypothesis, a dependent variable, an independent variable, a control group, an experimental group, and a random assignment.
1. Introduction
Step 1: Operational definition: state the hypothesis.
Step 2: Carry out the procedures in your textbook.
2. Steps of the Experiment –

68. Experiment (con’t.)
Reveal the findings of your experiment in a brief presentation to the class.
What did you learn in the course of conducting the experiment?
What surprised you the most in conducting the experiment?
What would you change if you conducted the experiment again?
3. Assessment
Small groups of classmates will compare their experiences in the experiment.
After the small-group discussion, each group will write up a report.
Then the whole class will compare their reports.
4. Discussion and Writing –