1. Revolution in China

3. Based on these sources, what is one problem the Chinese were facing when Mao was growing up?3

4. Problems With the Manchu Dynasty
The emperors were not strong leaders, which trickled down to other government officials, who were incompetent
Heavy taxes were put on the people
Large disparity between the rich and poor
Widespread poverty
Gov’t officials accepted money and gifts for political appointments
Foreign countries had spheres of influence where they dominated

5. Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
Empress Dowager Cixi ( )
De facto Chinese monarch ( )
“Make me unhappy for a day and I will make you unhappy for a lifetime.”
Conservative and anti-foreign
Blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China

6. Opium Wars http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/20428167
The Chinese banned opium several times, citing concern for public morals
Private British traders continued to smuggle opium into China from India
It was a way of balancing a trade deficit brought about by Britain's own addiction - to Indian tea
China's Drugs Czar Lin Tse-Hsu confiscated opium from the British traders and destroyed it
The British military response was severe, leading to the Nanking Treaty

7. Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
Emperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor”
Lived
Ruled China , and as a puppet for 12 days in 1917
Puppet emperor of Manchukuo (Japanese-ruled Manchuria),
Spent ten years in a Soviet prison after WWII
Lived a quiet life as a regular citizen in communist China
Died of disease during the Cultural Revolution (1967)

8. Republican Revolution (1912)
Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)
Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party
Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty
Established a republic
President of Chinese Republic who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai
Kuomintang symbol

9. Republic of China: Weaknesses
Disunity
Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control
Wars raged between 1912 and 1928
Foreign imperialists
Americans, Europeans, and Japanese
Poor transportation
1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track
225,000 miles in the smaller United States
Few decent roads

10. Foreign Imperialists Twenty-One Demands (1915)
Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate
Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers
World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
China attempted to abolish concessions and extraterritoriality
Attempt failed
China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles
Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian possessions and rights

11. Three Principles of the People
Book published by Sun Yat-sen before his death in 1925
Principle of Mínquán
Democracy – the people are sovereign
Principle of Mínzú
Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism
Principle of Mínshēng
Livelihood – economic development, industrialization, land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism

12. Growth of Communism
Sun Yat-sen appealed for Russian (Soviet) aid following the Versailles Conference
– China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans
Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China
Chinese flag,

13. The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split
Right wing
Business people
Politicians
Left wing
Communists
Intellectuals
Radicals
Students

14. Nationalist Revolution
Sun Yat-sen succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek
Communists expelled by Kuomintang
– war to control the warlords
Capital moved from Peiping (a.k.a. Peking, today’s Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing)
Possible anecdote: The Kuomintang changed the name of Peking/Beijing to Peiping (or Beiping) in 1928.
Presidential Palace under Kuomintang Government in Nanjing

15. Civil War in China
and – war between Communists and Nationalists
Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek
War halted and to fight Japanese aggression
Communists were victorious in 1949
Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)
End of imperialism in China
Hong Kong returned to China in 1997

16. Japanese Aggression Japan was a threat to China – 1894-1941
1937 – Japanese invasion
Japanese took control of north and areas along the coast
Rape of Nanking
Chinese Communists and Nationalists
Intermittently were at peace as they united to fight against the Japanese
Guerrilla and scorched earth tactics
Received American aid against the Japanese

17. World War II
U.S. interest in China increased after Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941
Cairo Conference (1943)
Chiang Kai-shek met with Allied leaders
Discussed war in eastern Asia
Westerners gave up imperialist rights in China
U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 repealed in 1943

18. Communists in Control – 1949
Communists and Nationalists resumed civil war following World War II
Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist government wasted foreign economic aid
Many Kuomintang deserted to Communists
Manchuria – taken over by Communists in 1948
December, Communists in control
Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)

19. Geographical Changes Communist China gained control over: Chinese
Turkestan (Xinjiang)
Inner Mongolia
Manchuria
Tibet
PRC = People’s Republic of China (Communists) / ROC = Republic of China (Nationalists)

21. Referred to as Chairman Mao
Chinese communist revolutionary
guerrilla warfare strategist
author
political theorist
and leader of the Chinese Revolution.
He was the architect of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976.
His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of political policies, are now collectively known as Maoism.

22. Communism Moved to Peking in 1918 and worked for a Marxist thinker
Quickly became a strong believer in Communism and edited radical magazines, organized trade unions, and started schools of his own.
Became one of the 50 founding members of the Chinese Communist Party
Failed in his early attempts to be a leader in the Party and his role in Party activities was decreased dramatically 22

23. Focus on the Peasants
Mao went back to his hometown and had very little communication with the Party
He studied the peasants and learned about their financial situation and the ways they were being abused by the landowning class
His new knowledge of the peasants allowed him to rise again as a leader in the Party, where he advocated that peasants should lead the revolution 23

24. Based on this map, what struggles is China having in the 1930s?24

25. The Long March

26. Mao Zedong forms Communist Party and works with Nationalists
Sun Yat-Sen dies. New Nationalist leader Chaing Kai-Shek declares war on Communists
Mao and followers flee into mountains: The Long March
In mountains Mao rebuilds Communist party

27. Mao Zedong- becomes leader of Chinese Communists during the
“Long March”
1. advocated land reform & tax reform = gained peasant support
Result: peasants joined Communists
- many join Red Army (Communist Army)
- could resist Nationalists

28. The Chinese Civil War
Fought between the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party), the governing party of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC), for the control of China
led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China (now commonly known as Taiwan) and People's Republic of China (Mainland China).
The war began in April 1927, amidst The Long March and ended in 1949 (other wars like WWII were fought in between)

29. Relationship Between Leadership and the Masses
Mao developed a program of contact with the masses that became known as the “mass line”. The process includes:
Investigating the conditions of people
Learning about and participating in their struggles
Gathering ideas from them
Creating a plan of action based on these ideas and concerns
It was a powerful tool of propaganda. By 1945, the communists had reached 100 million people and the mass line was carried to the people by 1 million members

30. Based on the following quotes, what is one of Mao’s ideas about society?
“[A] great many so-called intellectuals are actually exceedingly unlearned The knowledge of workers and peasants is sometimes greater than theirs.”
“Books cannot walk, and you can open and close a book at will; this is the easiest thing in the world to do, a great deal easier than it is for the cook to prepare a meal [or] for him to slaughter a pig.” 30

31. The “Cult” of Mao
Mao became the chairman of the Communist Central Committee
All the leaders in the party praised him and encouraged people to listen to his wisdom
In 1943, several leaders in the Party began to rewrite Chinese Party history so that Mao would be seen as responsible for all the advances of the Party 31

32. What does the following excerpt suggest about Mao’s Power?
“The Chinese Communist Party takes Mao Zedong’s thought – the thought that unites Marxist-Leninist theory and the practice of the Chinese revolution – as the guide for all its work, and opposes all dogmatic or empiricist deviations.” ~Preamble to the Constitution of the Communist Party 32

33. People’s Republic of China - 1949
The Communists defeated the Kuomintang and took complete control of China in 1949
Mao’s ideas formed the basis for all Party activities and government decisions
They took control of the media and the education system and began taking land away from the wealthy and distributing it among all people 33

34. Great Leap Forward In January of 1958, five-year plan
Planned to develop agriculture and industry

35. Great Leap Forward - 1958 Attempt to modernize China
People were forced to grow grain and melt metals down to produce steel
Led to widespread famine and death
Damaged Mao’s reputation 35

36. Great Leap Backward
The entire country were forced to recycle steel, and food reserves were depleted
In some regions, after all mice, insects, and tree bark were consumed, some resulted to cannibalism
About 30 million people died, mainly due to famine

37. Cultural Revolution Mao needed a comeback
He organized students and mobilized them throughout the country to spread his ideas and wipe out anyone who tried to contradict him
He created an extremely effective propaganda campaign that again brought him back to power. 37

38. The Cultural Revolution
Mao’s tactic to secure his power against reforms
Red Guards were formed in 1966

39. The Cultural Revolution
the Cultural Revolution Group directed the Red Guards to attack the 'Four Olds' of Chinese society (old customs, old culture, old habits and old ideas).
Old books and art were destroyed, museums were ransacked, and streets were renamed with new revolutionary names and adorned with pictures and the sayings of Mao
Many famous temples, shrines, and other heritage sites in Beijing were attacked and, in total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed.

40. Cultural Rev Con’t
Forced bureaucrats, professors, technicians, intellectuals, and other non-peasants into rural work
It is estimated that seven million were killed during the decade
China’s economy suffered

41. Mao’s End At the age of 82, Mao died September 9, 1976
He died of Lou Gehrig’s disease
After his death there was a power struggle in China, but eventually moderates came to power and Mao’s regime came to an end

43. Mao’s Legacy Has produced great controversy
Some see him as a great revolutionary leader who made some big mistakes later in his life
Mao’s made huge mistakes such as the Great Leap Forward, Cultural Rev., and birth control

44. Legacy Con’t
Some statistics say that the illiteracy rate and life expectancy was greatly improved while Mao was in power
It is argued that he developed them into a major world power
By abolishing prostitution, some think he improved women’s rights

45. Mao vs. Other Genocides
Murdered more people than Hitler, estimated 40 million or more

46. Mao vs. Other Genocides
Tyrannized the world's most populous nation for more than a quarter century
Mao never really succeeded in destroying entire opposition
Mao set up a Chinese Gulag - an empire of slave labor camps filled with poorly fed "counter-revolutionaries."

47. Mao Destruction Con’t
The majority of Mao’s killings were because of man-made famine
Mao executed nearly 10 million educated professionals, and others

48. Political Changes under Mao
Communist government on mainland China
Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
Chairman Mao – chairman of the Communist party and leader of China –
Possible anecdote: Other men served as chairman of the republic (as opposed to both the party and the republic) as well as premier, but Mao was the de facto leader of China until his death in 1976.
Mao Zedong 毛泽东

49. Economic Changes under Mao
First Five-Year Plan ( )
Advances in agriculture and coal, electricity, iron, and steel production
Second Five-Year Plan ( )
“Great Leap Forward”
China became a leading industrial country
Peasants organized into communes
Widespread catastrophe – famine – at least 14,000,000 deaths
Note: Chairman Mao’s role as China’s leader became less significant following the failure of the Great Leap Forward.
Propaganda Poster for the Great Leap Forward

50. Foreign Relations Russia (Soviet Union) Tibet Korea Vietnam
Growing split between USSR and China
“Peaceful coexistence” policy of USSR viewed as surrender
1960 – end of Soviet economic aid
Tibet
Seized in 1962
Korea
Aided North Korea in the Korean War ( )
Vietnam
Supported North Vietnam and aided Viet Cong during Vietnam War ( )

51. Foreign Relations Cold War “Atomic Club” (1964) United Nations
Economic aid to Africa, Asia, and Latin America
“Atomic Club” (1964)
Fifth overall, and first non-white, country to develop nuclear weapons
United Nations
One of five permanent members of U.N. Security Council (1971, replacing Taiwan)
Relations with United States
1972 – U.S. President Richard Nixon opened diplomatic relations with China

52. Mao’s Little Red Book
The Chinese Communist Party is the core of the Chinese revolution, and its principles are based on Marxism-Leninism. Party criticism should be carried out within the Party.
The revolution, and the recognition of class and class struggle, are necessary for peasants and the Chinese people to overcome both domestic and foreign enemy elements. This is not a simple, clean, or quick struggle.
War is a continuation of politics, and there are at least two types: just (progressive) and unjust wars, which only serve bourgeois interests. While no one likes war, we must remain ready to wage just wars against imperialist agitations.
Note: Mao’s Quotations were published by the Chinese government from 1964 to 1976.

53. Mao’s Little Red Book
Fighting is unpleasant, and the people of China would prefer not to do it at all. At the same time, they stand ready to wage a just struggle of self-preservation against reactionary elements, both foreign and domestic.
China's road to modernization will be built on the principles of diligence and frugality. Nor will it be legitimate to relax if, 50 years later, modernization is realized on a mass scale.
A communist must be selfless, with the interests of the masses at heart. He must also possess a largeness of mind, as well as a practical, far-sighted mindset.
Women represent a great productive force in China, and equality among the sexes is one of the goals of communism. The multiple burdens which women must shoulder are to be eased.

54. Cultural Revolution (1966-1969)
“Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”
Effort to revive interest in Mao’s ideas (and for Mao to regain power) after the failed Great Leap Forward
Mao claimed that reactionary bourgeoisie elements were taking over the party
Call for youths to engage in post-revolutionary class warfare
Red Guards (consisting of young people) marched throughout China
Older alleged reactionaries removed from positions of power

55. China after Chairman Mao
Mao died in September, 1976
“Gang of Four”
Failed at a coup d’état in October, 1976
China continued to industrialize
One-Child Policy adopted – 1979
Tiananmen Square Massacre – 1989
Today – issues include:
Balancing limited capitalism with communist ideals
Environmental pollution
Unequal male-to-female ratios resulting from One-Child Policy
Control of Tibet

56. Review Questions Which group led the Republican Revolution of 1912?
What common enemy united the Nationalists and Communists?
Who led the Communist Revolution?
Describe the Great Leap Forward.
Describe the Cultural Revolution.
What issues face China today?