1. ENERGY can travel in the form of a WAVE
What is a Wave??
Wave = Repeating disturbance/movement that TRANSFERS ENERGY through MATTER or SPACE
ENERGY can travel in the form of a WAVE
Ex: Ripples on a pond - caused by energy being passed from molecule to molecule = see this as a WAVE

2. Waves only carry ENERGY as they travel Waves DO NOT carry MATTER
Waves and Energy
Waves only carry ENERGY as they travel
Waves DO NOT carry MATTER
Ex: Boat on a lake

3. What Produces Waves?? All waves are produced by VIBRATIONS
Vibration = causes things to move up/down or back/forth
When vibrations stop = energy stops = waves stop

4. What is a MEDIUM?? Medium = the matter that waves travel through
-Can be: SOLID, LIQUID, or GAS or a combo of the three
Medium for SOUND WAVES =
Medium for OCEAN WAVES =
AIR
WATER
Do all waves travel through a medium??
NO! Radio and light waves can travel through space

5. = Waves that can only travel through matter
MECHANICAL WAVES
= Waves that can only travel through matter
2 TYPES:
1. TRANSVERSE WAVES
2. COMPRESSIONAL WAVES

6. Ex: Ocean Waves move horizontally towards the beach
TRANSVERSE WAVES
MATTER moves BACK and FORTH at RIGHT ANGLES to the direction that the wave travels
Ex: Ocean Waves move horizontally towards the beach
Water within the wave moves up and down (at a right angle to the wave)
Draw an example and label with arrows

7. Matter moves BACK and FORTH in the SAME DIRECTION the wave travels
COMPRESSIONAL WAVES
Matter moves BACK and FORTH in the SAME DIRECTION the wave travels
AKA: LONGITUDINAL WAVES
Ex: SLINKY
Draw an example and label with arrows

8. -The compressions travel through the air to make a WAVE
SOUND WAVES
= COMPRESSIONAL WAVES
-Noise pushes nearby air molecules together by their VIBRATIONS (just like in a slinky)
-The compressions travel through the air to make a WAVE
On a piece of paper: Explain how sound travels from a guitar string. What happens when the sound wave reaches your ear?

9. = TRANSVERSE WAVES (but not completely)
WATER WAVES
= TRANSVERSE WAVES (but not completely)
WHAT??
Water moves up/down as the wave moves horizontally but the water also moves a short distance back and forth horizontally
The combo of the up/down and side/side motion causes water to move in CIRCLES = THUS stuff on the surface absorbs this energy and bobs in a CIRCULAR MOTION
COOL FACT: Wind causes most ocean waves. The size of the wave depends on the wind speed, distance over which the wind blows,and time which the wind blows

10. SEISMIC WAVES = Combo of COMPRESSIONAL and TRANSVERSE WAVES
Turn to pg. 294 in your book. Read the article.
= Combo of COMPRESSIONAL and TRANSVERSE WAVES
-Travel through Earth and along Earth’s surface
-Carry energy with them
-Objects on Earth’s surface ABSORB some of this energy = MOVE and SHAKE
-MORE THE CRUST MOVES = MORE ENERGY RELEASED

11. 2. How does this affect the waves? The surface area INCREASES
Questions on Reading pg 294
What happens to the surface area of water exposed to the wind as waves build up?
2. How does this affect the waves?
The surface area INCREASES
The greater the surface area means that there is more contact area between the air and water, providing an increased area to which energy may be transferred.

12. WAVE PARTS
TRANSVERSE WAVES
CREST (high point)
TROUGH
(low point)

13. (spread-apart/less dense regions) (crowded/dense regions)
WAVE PARTS
COMPRESSIONAL WAVES
Rarefaction
(spread-apart/less dense regions)
Compressions
(crowded/dense regions)

14. WAVELENGTH
= Distance between one point on a wave to the next point just like it on the wave
1 Wavelength
1 Wavelength

15. FREQUENCY AND PERIOD
FREQUENCY: # of wavelengths that pass a fixed point each second
- expressed in Hertz (Hz)
PERIOD: Time it takes one wavelength to pass a fixed point
- expressed in Seconds (s)
As FREQUENCY INCREASES = PERIOD DECREASES
As FREQUENCY INCREASES = WAVELENGTH DECREASES

16. WAVE SPEED Wave Speed = v Wavelength = lambda Frequency = f
Speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) X wavelength (m)
V = f 
faster
Light waves are _________ than Sound waves
Sound waves travel _______ in solids and liquids than in gasses
Light waves travel _______ in solids and liquids than in gases/space
faster
slower

17. AMPLITUDE = Related to the amount of ENERGY a wave carries
GREATER AMPLITUDE = GREATER ENERGY CARRIED
Taller wave = More Amplitude

18. REFLECTION = When a wave hits an object and BOUNCES off of it
-All types of waves can be reflected
Ex: Seeing yourself in a mirror or Echos

19. Law of Reflection All Reflected waves obey the following law:
-The Angle of Incidence = The Angle of Reflection

20. Important Terms INCIDENT BEAM= Light/Sound that 1st strikes an object
REFLECTED BEAM= Beam bouncing off an object
NORMAL= The line perpendicular to the surface of the object
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE= Angle formed by Incident Beam and Normal (i)
ANGLE OF REFLECTION= Angle formed by Reflected Beam and Normal (r)

21. REFRACTION
=Bending of a wave caused by a change in its speed as it moves from one medium to another
Waves change speed when they change mediums
Waves traveling at an angle, change direction (bend), when they change mediums
Increase change in speed = Increase in Bending of Wave

22. REFRACTION
Wave enters a medium that slows it down = Bends TOWARD the normal
Wave enters a medium that speeds it up = Bends AWAY from the normal

23. DIFFRACTION
When an object causes a wave to change direction and BEND AROUND IT
Diffraction V/S Refraction:
Refraction= wave passes through and bends
Diffraction = wave bends around

24. Diffraction and Wavelength
AM = longer wavelengths than FM. So which gives better reception in the mountains?
Obstacle SMALLER than wavelength = wave BENDS AROUND
Obstacle LARGER than wavelength = Less bending
Obstacle WAY LARGER than wavelength = NO Diffraction = Obstacle passes a SHADOW

25. = When two or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave
INTERFERENCE
= When two or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave
-New wave exists only while the two waves overlap
-Two types of Combination
Constructive Interference
Destructive Interference

26. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
Waves ADD TOGETHER
-Happens when two or more crests or compressions arrive at the same time and OVERLAP
-Amplitude of new wave = Sum of the old wave amplitudes
-Waves in Constructive Interference = In Phase
Draw an Example
What would happen to a the volume of two sound waves were In Phase?

27. DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
Waves SUBTRACT from each other
-Happens when a crest and a trough meet up or a compression and rarefaction meet up
-Amplitude of new wave = Difference between the amplitudes of the old waves
-Waves in Destructive Interference = Out of Phase
What happens to the volume if two sound waves are Out of Phase?
Draw an Example
How could this be used to protect hearing??

28. -Nodes = places where the two waves cancel = stay in the same place
STANDING WAVES
= Special type of wave pattern that forms when waves equal in wavelength and amplitude, traveling in opposite directions, continue to interfere
-Creates a pattern of crests/troughs that don’t seem to move = “Stands Still”
-Nodes = places where the two waves cancel = stay in the same place

29. -All objects have a natural frequency Wine glass (mythbusters)
RESONANCE
= Process by which an object is made to vibrate by ABSORBING energy at its natural frequency
-All objects have a natural frequency
- If enough energy is absorbed, the object can vibrate so strongly = breaks!
Ex: Tuning Forks
Wine glass (mythbusters)

30. SOUND WAVES All sound is created by VIBRATION
Sound Waves are COMPRESSIONAL
Speed is the SLOWEST thru GASES
Speed is the FASTEST thru SOLIDS

31. How does Temp Affect Speed? Ex: 0oC = Speed of sound = 331 m/s
Increase Temperature = Increase Kinetic Energy = Increase in Collisions = Increase in Speed of Sound
Ex: 0oC = Speed of sound = 331 m/s
20oC = Speed of sound = 343 m/s

32. LOUDNESS and INTENSITY OF SOUND
LOUDNESS = Perception of Intensity
Increase the ENERGY in the wave = Increase Loudness
INTENSITY = Amount of energy flowing through an area in a specific amount of time
Decreases as Distance Increases

33. DECIBEL SCALE -Scale for sound intensity
= dB
-Scale for sound intensity
Ex: 0 dB = faintest sound you can hear
Higher than 120 dB = pain/loss of hearing

34. PITCH = How HIGH or LOW a sound seems to be
-Related to the FREQUENCY OF THE WAVE
-High Pitch = High frequency
-Low Pitch = Low frequency
Ex: Whistle = 1000 Hz
Thunder = 50 Hz

35. = Change in Pitch/frequency due to moving the wave source
DOPPLER EFFECT
= Change in Pitch/frequency due to moving the wave source
Ex: Race Car Track
Car comes toward you = high pitch
Car goes away from you = low pitch

36. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
-Can travel through SPACE (do not need matter)
-Made by: VIBRATING ELECTRIC CHARGES and Magnetic Fields
-TRANSVERSE WAVE (Electric field and Magnetic field are perpendicular to each other)

37. Properties of EM Waves -All objects emit EM waves
-Increase Temp = Decrease in Wavelength
Energy carried by EM wave = RADIANT ENERGY
Provides: Warmth, Sight

38. Properties of EM Waves
-Speed of EM Waves = 300,000 km/s in vacuum of space
-AKA: “Speed of Light”
-”Nature’s Speed Limit” = Nothing is faster!
-Speed changes depending on medium:
-Slowest in Solids
-Fastest in Gases

39. Properties of EM Waves F increases = wavelength decreases
Wavelength = Distance from crest to crest
Frequency = # of wavelengths passing a pt in 1 sec
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY:
F increases = wavelength decreases

40. EM SPECTRUM Radiowaves Range of EM wave frequencies Includes:
-Low-Frequency waves
-Includes the following types:
Microwaves = ex: cooking food
Radar (Radio Detecting And Ranging) =
ex: Speed, tracking
C. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) =
ex: Diagnose Illness, pictures of body

41. EM SPECTRUM Infrared Waves Thermal energy is produced
-Temperature Increases = Wavelength Decreases
-Ex: Remotes, Computers, Heating food at fast-food restaurants

42. EM SPECTRUM Visible Light
-Range of EM waves you can detect with your eyes
Color = eyes react differently to different wavelengths = you see color
Blue = Short Wavelength
Red = Long Wavelength
White = All wavelengths of color

43. -Can enter your skin cells = Cancer -Can be used to KILL BACTERIA
EM SPECTRUM
UV Waves
-Higher Frequencies
-Can enter your skin cells = Cancer
-Can be used to KILL BACTERIA

44. EM SPECTRUM X Rays and Gamma Rays
-Shortest wavelengths and Highest frequencies
-Gamma Rays are shorter than X rays
-X rays = can provide images of organs
-Gamma Rays can kill and damage cells

45. EM SPECTRUM

46. EM SPECTRUM

47. LIGHT WAVES
To see an object, light must REFLECT off of the object and hit your eye
Opaque Objects = Absorb and reflect light/NO light passes through (you can’t see through these objects)
Translucent Objects = Allow some light to pass through but you can’t see through it clearly
Transparent Objects = Transmit almost all light so you can see clearly through them

48. Light waves obey the LAW OF REFLECTION
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Light waves obey the LAW OF REFLECTION
If all objects reflect light, then why can you see yourself in a mirror but not in a brick wall??
Brick Walls have BUMPY surfaces which reflect light in all directions whereas a mirror is very smooth and reflects light mostly back to your eye in one direction

49. - Higher the Index of Refraction = The more the speed is slowed down
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
All objects have an INDEX OF REFRACTION = indicates how much the speed of light is reduced when it travels through the object
- Higher the Index of Refraction = The more the speed is slowed down

50. REFRACTION OF LIGHT PRISMS- Bend light
Produce color because the light traveling through the prism bends based on the wavelength of light
Sunlight = White Light = Has all wavelengths
Longer wavelengths are refracted less = Red bends the least
Rainbows = Water droplets do the same thing as a prism

51. COLOR FILTERS -Color of a filter = color of light it reflects
Color of an object depends on the wavelength the object REFLECTS
Ex: Red Apple = Reflects RED/Absorbs everything else
Black = Absorbs all wavelengths
FILTERS
-Color of a filter = color of light it reflects

52. MIXING COLORS
PIGMENTS = colored material used to change the color of other substances
Results from the different wavelengths of light the pigment reflects
All colors can be made by mixing 3 color of light
Red
Blue
3. Green
Primary Colors of Light