1. Period
On a North American Continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas and West Africa created a New World

2. Key Concept 1
Before the arrival of the Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other

5. As settlers migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed quite different and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments
The spread of maize cultivation from present day Mexico northward into the American Southwest and beyond supported economic development and social diversification among societies in these areas; a mix of foraging and hunting did the same for societies in the Northwest and areas of California

6. Maize Culture
Around A.D. 1000, maize agriculture began to spread from Central America through North America
Maize was especially popular in the southwest
Societies developed vast irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande)
Maize cultivation transformed societies
Less emphasis on hunting and gathering
Led to an increase in population
Villages were built around maize fields

7. Northwest
Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California prior to the arrival of Europeans
Most of these societies were based on hunting, gathering, and foraging
Gather nuts, fish, and hunted
Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families
Chinooks
Advocated warrior traditions
Used advanced fighting techniques
Lived in longhouses which could house many families

8. Northwest Indians

9. Codex Nuttal

10. Chahokia- Mississippian Settlement

11. Societies responded to the lack of natural resources in the Great Basin and the Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles

12. Pre-Columbian Plains Indians

13. Plains Indians Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering
Lack of natural resources
Large, flat area
With the introduction of the horse, life on the Great Plains was drastically altered
Bison hunting became much easier
Natives with horses became stronger militarily
Natives in the Great Basin hunted bison and sheep
Like natives on the Great Plains, horses helped natives become more powerful

15. In the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages

16. Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard
Many societies were a mix of hunting and gathering, and agriculture and developed permanent villages
Iroquois (Present day NY and PA):
Adapted to their environment:
Burned forests to hunt and grow crops
Villages were built around maize
Iroquois were a matriarchal society:
Power was based on female authority
Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making
Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted

18. Northeast Indians

19. Key Concept 2
European Overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations between societies across the Atlantic

20. Columbian Exchange What was it? Examples of goods: Impact of exchange?
The exchange of plants, animals, culture, humans, diseases, etc. between the Americas, Europe, and Africa
Examples of goods:
Americas to Europe and Africa: potatoes, maize (corn), tomatoes
Europe to the Americas: wheat, rice, horses, chickens, oxen
Impact of exchange?
In Europe and Asia: massive population growth due to new food
In Africa: Spanish and Portuguese used Africans from West Africa to be used as slaves in the Americas
In the Americas: spread of diseases (smallpox), social classes (Mestizos), horse transformed Native life (made hunting easier), Encomienda system
Big Ideas:
What were positives and negatives of the Columbian Exchange on both hemispheres?
What were reasons that led to European exploration?

23. The arrival of Europeans in the Western Hemisphere in the 15th and 16th centuries triggered extensive demographic and social changes on both sides of the Atlantic
Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest of the Americas led to widespread deadly epidemics, the emergence of racially mixed populations and a caste system defined be an intermixture among Spanish settlers, Africans and Native Americans.

24. Spanish and Portuguese traders reached west Africa and partnered with some African groups to exploit local resources and recruit slave labor for the Americas.

26. Why African Slavery
One possible answer draws on the different values of societies around the Atlantic and, more particularly, the way groups of people involved in creating a trans-Atlantic community saw themselves in relation to others – in short, how they defined their identity. Ocean-going technology brought Europeans into large-scale face-to-face contact with peoples who were culturally and physically more different from themselves than any others with whom they had interacted in the previous millennium. In neither Africa nor Asia could Europeans initially threaten territorial control, with the single and limited exception of western Angola.

27. African capacity to resist Europeans ensured that sugar plantations were established in the Americas rather than in Africa. But if Africans, aided by tropical pathogens, were able to resist the potential invaders, some Africans were prepared to sell slaves to Europeans for use in the Americas. As this suggests, European domination of Amerindians was complete. Indeed, from the European perspective it was much too complete. The epidemiological impact of the Old World destroyed not only native American societies, but also a potential labor supply.
The trans-Atlantic slave trade therefore grew from a strong demand for labor in the Americas, driven by consumers of plantation produce and precious metals, initially in Europe. Because Amerindians died in large numbers, and insufficient numbers of Europeans were prepared to cross the Atlantic, the form that this demand took was shaped by conceptions of social identity on four continents, which ensured that the labor would comprise mainly slaves from Africa.

28. The introduction of new crops and livestock be the Spanish had far reaching effects on native settlement patterns, as well as on economic, social and political development in the Western Hemisphere.

29. In the economies of the Spanish colonies, Indian labor, used in the ecomienda system to support plantation based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources, was gradually replaced by African slavery

30. European expansion in the the Western Hemisphere caused intense social/religious, political and economic competition in Europe and the promotion of Empire building
European exploration and conquest were fueled by a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity

31. What drove European exploration and conquest?
3 G’s – Gold, Glory, Gospel
To spread Christianity – Spain
Mercantilism
Money and food from the Americas led to population growth in Europe and helped shift the economy to capitalism
Joint-stock companies – used to raise $ for explorations
Used in Jamestown (1607)
New technology aided exploration:
Sextant – could be used to find exact position on earth – more precise sailing
Compass
Caravel
Map Making

33. New crops from the Americas stimulated European population growth while new sources of mineral wealth facilitated the shift from feudalism to capitalism

34. Improvements in technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.

35. Key Concept 3
Contacts among American Indians, Africans and Europeans challenged the worldview of each group.

36. Big Idea
How did Europeans view the Natives and justify their treatment of them?
How did Africans adapt to life in the Western Hemisphere while still preserving their own cultures?

37. Be familiar with the impacts of the Columbian Exchange – not just food
Increase in world trade, permanently connecting two hemispheres
Identify specific goods and their impacts – horse and potato
Impact on Africans – drastic growth in slavery

38. European overseas expansion and sustained contacts with Africans and American Indians dramatically altered European views of social, political and economic relationship among and between white and nonwhite peoples
With little experience dealing with people who were different from themselves, Spanish and Portuguese exploders poorly understood the native peoples they encountered in the Americas, leading to debates over how American Indians should be treated and how civilized these group were compared to European standards

39. Misunderstandings
Many Spanish and Portuguese did not understand Natives and their cultures
Natives were viewed as “Savages” by many Europeans
Juan de Sepulveda:
Advocated harsh treatment of Natives
Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity
Bartolome de Las Casas:
Argued that Natives deserved the same treatment as all other men
Played an instrumental role in the ending of the encomienda system
Europeans began to develop a belief in white superiority to justify the treatment of Africans and Natives

40. Portuguese vs. Spanish
The Portuguese were mainly interested in trade only and had little desire initially to settle anywhere, except for trading purposes.  The Spanish wanted to incorporate the inhabitants of the new lands under the Spanish crown and, more importantly, to convert them to Catholicism.
The Portuguese and Spanish became great colonizing nations at the end of the Middle Ages. Portuguese colonization, which received impetus from the development of greatly improved methods of navigation, began with the establishment of trading ports in Africa and the East, while the Spanish concentrated most of their efforts in the Americas. Both the Spanish and the Portuguese exercised strict governmental control over their colonies and used them primarily as a basis for rich commerce with the parent government. They discouraged them from becoming economically self-sufficient. Read more: colonization: The Portuguese and Spanish | Infoplease.com 

42. Many Europeans developed a belief in white superiority to justify the subjugation of Africans and American Indians, using several different rationales

43. The Spanish settlers had three terms which applied to their dealings with the Indians, the encomiendo, the mitad, and the repartimiento, each indicating a form of injustice. The conquerors divided the country between them, and the encomiendos  were rights granted them to hold the Indians for a number of years as workers in their fields or their [187] mines. Under these grants, the natives were converted into beasts of burden, and forced to do the hardest work without the least compensation. They were obliged to labor all day long under the burning tropical sun, to dive into the sea in search of pearls for their masters, or to toil buried from the light of day in the depths of the mines. It is not surprising that these miserable slaves, accustomed to a life of indolence and ease, perished as if exposed to a killing plague.

44. Encomienda-were rights granted them to hold the Indians for a number of years as workers in their fields or their mines. Under these grants, the natives were converted into beasts of burden, and forced to do the hardest work without the least compensation
Repartiemento- it the district officials were required to supply all things needed by the Indians
Mitad- every man from the ago of eighteen to fifty was required to render bodily service

45. Encomienda Early 16th century
Spanish system of control over Natives in much of the Americas
What did it do?
Royal grants of land from the Spanish Crown to Spaniards
In return, the Spanish promised to Christianize the Natives living on the land
Spanish gained tribute from the Natives
How were Natives affected?
Most were treated harshly
Heavy manual labor – building roads and infrastructure
Encomiendas became wealthy due to the discovery of gold and silver

46. Downfall of Encomiendas
Many Catholics began to protest the harsh treatment of the Natives
Mestizos (individuals of Spanish and Native Ancestry) could not be forced to work the encomienda system
In time, this helped lead to the decline of the system
Gradually, the system was replaced by African slave labor, like many areas of the Americas

47. Native peoples and Africans in the Americas strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy in the face of European challenges to their independence and core beliefs
European attempts to change American Indian beliefs and worldviews on basic social issues such as religion, gender roles and the family, and the relationship of people with the natural environment led to American Indian resistance and conflict

48. The Spanish often tried to convert Natives to Christianity
Spanish Mission System:
Outposts throughout the Americas to help convert Natives
Outposts were often military bases as well
Don Juan de Onate defeated the Pueblos
Spanish established Santa Fe in 1610
Spanish priests and government suppressed Native practices that were inconsistent with Christianity
Spanish demanded tribute and labor from Natives
Many Africans preserved their culture and autonomy in the New World
Maroon Communities:
Consisted of runaway slaves, many were located in the Caribbean
Many Africans would combine elements of Christianity with their native African religions and customs

49. In spite of slavery, African’s cultural and linguistic adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy