1. Metering & Data Processing

2. 1. WHAT IS METER ?
A device which measures, indicates and records certain measurable quantity.
2. WHAT IS ENERGY METER ?
A device which measures, indicates and records electrical power flow (energy) in a specified time between two points.
3. Pre Requisites of a Meter
Purpose : Catering to Commercial needs
Futuristic : Catering to foreseen needs
Reliable : Repeatability
Accurate : Good amount of money at stake

3. Classification of meters
Interface Meter :
Installed at interconnecting points between
Generating company to Inter-state system
Generating company to Intra-state system
covered under ABT
2. Consumer Meter :
Electrical utility to consumer not covered under INTERFACE meters
3. Energy Accounting and Audit Meters :
Used between Gen Stns to different segments of electrical system determines
Consumption of power
Loss
Our focus is on SEMs which are interface meters

4. What is Special Energy Meter(SEM)?
SEM is an Application specific Microprocessor base solid state energy meter. This together with a data collecting device (DCD) and a local Computer forms a powerful system of metering and data logging.
This arrangement of metering and data logging gives a unique method for measurement of all relevant electrical quantities.

5. Why metering is required?
ABT, three part tariff :
Capacity charge (a)
Energy charge / Scheduled Energy charges (b)
Adjustment for deviation/ Unscheduled Interchanges (c)
Total payment for the day = a + b (+/-) c
Reason of metering

6. What is Metering? Meter data handling
Converting meter data into useful information
Feeder wise
Station wise
State wise
Region wise
Its a challenging task for the utilities due to huge volume of data logged by these meters

7. Area covered by meters ISGS Sub Stations ICTS Feeders
Any other drawl or injection points spread over the state, region and the country as a whole

8. Metering Management Initial/one time activities
Choose the category of meter
Selection of meter
Installation of meters in strategic locations
Deciding status of meters as Main, Check and Stand-by meters
Periodic/maintenance activities
Maintaining healthiness
Periodic checking
Time correction
Periodic testing
Replacement of meter (as and when required)
Regular/routine activities
Collection of data
Transmittal of data to a central location for processing
Processing meter data into useful information
Archiving final processed data

9. Metering Standards
Compliance with the relevant standards of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
If BIS Standards are not available for a particular equipment or material, the relevant British Standards (BS), International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) Standards
Whenever an international Standard or IEC Standard is followed, necessary corrections or modifications shall be made for nominal system frequency, nominal system voltage, ambient temperature, humidity and other conditions prevailing in India before actual adoption of the said Standard
At the time of commissioning, each interface meter shall be tested by the owner at site for accuracy using standard reference meter of better accuracy class than the meter under test.

10. Metering Standards
All interface meters shall be tested at least once in five years
The meters may be tested using NABL accredited mobile laboratory or at any accredited laboratory and recalibrated if required at manufacturer’s works.
Active energy Wh  as per class 0.2 S of IEC-687/IEC
Var/Reactive energy  class 2 of IEC or better
IS standards to be followed w.r.t voltage range, frequency, power factor range, impulse voltage withstand test, power ferquency withstand voltage, power consumption etc

11. Special Energy Meter
(SEM)

13. Features of Special Energy Meter(SEM)
Works on 3 phase 4 wire principle
Static meter
Working voltage of 63.5V
Accuracy class of 0.2S
Show time stamping
Measures:
Average frequency
Net active energy transmitted in 15 mins block wise
Daily reactive energy transmitted in high / low voltage conditions

14. Features of Special Energy Meter(SEM)
-ve sign if net Wh export
Meter continuously integrates and can display on demand the net cumulative active energy sent out from the substation bus bars upto that time.
The cumulative Wh reading at each midnight is stored in the meter’s memory.
The register moves backwards when active power flows back to substation bus bars
Meter counts the number of cycles in VT output during each successive 15-minutes block, and divides the same by 900 to arrive at the average frequency
This is stored in the meter’s memory as a 2-digit code which is arrived at by subtracting 49 from the average frequency, multiplying by 50 and neglecting all decimals.
E.g Hz is recorded as 44. In case the average frequency is less than 49.0 Hz, it is recorded as 00. In case it is 51.0 Hz or higher, it is recorded as 99.

15. Features of SEM
The meter continuously computes the average of the RMS values of the three line-to-neutral VT secondary voltages as a percentage of V, and displays the same on demand.
The meter also computes the reactive power (VAR) on 3-phase, 4-wire principle, with Class 2 accuracy, and integrates the reactive energy (VARh) algebraically into two separate registers => 103% & <= 97%
When reactive power is being sent out from substation bus bars, VAR display have a plus sign or no sign and VARh registers move forward
When reactive power flows into the substation busbars, VAR display have negative sign and VARh registers move backwards.
All 15 minute Wh figures is however be rounded off to the nearest last decimal but no rounding off for frequency/voltage displays

16. Features of SEM
The three line-to-neutral voltage is continuously monitored and in case any of these falls below about 70%, a normally flashing lamp provided on meter’s front become steady.
It go off it all three voltages fall below 70%. The time blocks in which such a voltage failure occurs/persists is recorded in the meter’s memory.
The lamp automatically resumes flashing when all VT secondary voltages are healthy again.
The meters normally operates with the power drawn from the VT secondary circuits.
The meters are supplied duly fitted with the batteries, which shall not require to be changed for at least 10 years, as long as total VT supply interruption does not exceed two years.
The battery mounting is designed to facilitate easy battery replacement without affecting PCB of the meter
The meters don’t require any separate auxiliary supply for their operation. All displays may disappear on loss of VT supply.

17. Features of SEM
Each meter has a built-in calendar and clock, having an accuracy of 30 seconds per month or better. The calendar and clock are correctly set at the manufacturer’s works
Only limited clock adjustment is possible at site, using the DCD.
When an advance or retard command is given, six subsequent time blocks is contracted or elongated by ten seconds each. The meter does not accept another clock correction command for seven days. All clock corrections are registered in the meter’s memory and suitably shown on print out of collected data.
Each meter has a unique identification code, which is marked permanently on its front, as well as in its memory.

18. Features of SEM
Identification code:: NP-four digit running serial number-A OR B  e.g. NP-6060-A
“A” for Model-A, and “B”, for the use with CT secondaries of 1 A and 5 A respectively.
A touch key or push button is provided on the meter front for switching on the display and for changing from one indication to the next
Each meter has an optical port on its front for tapping all data stored in its memory
Each meter is provided with a RS-485 port on one of it’s sides, from where all the data stored in the meter’s memory can also be tapped.
Data stored in the meter’s memories is tapped once a week from any of the two ports mentioned above and transmitted to RLDCs by e_mail generally
Meters are totally sealed and tamper proof, with no possibility of any adjustment at site, except for clock correction.

19. Features of SEM
Meters continue to function for the remaining healthy phase(s), in case one or two phases of VT supply fails with recording of a lower reading corresponding to number of phases under outage
In case of a complete VT supply failure, the computation of average frequency shall be done only for the period during which the VT supply was available in the 15-minute block

20. SEM Technical Specifications
Standard : IEC-687 / IEC
Accuracy Class : 0.2S
Interface (Compatible with DCD) : With RS 485
Reference Voltage(Vref) : 110V.(P-P)
Rated Current : 5A or 1A.
Operating Voltage : +20% to -30% of Vref.
Operating Current : 0.2% to 200% of Rated current

21. Types of SEM SEMs are of following two types :
A-TYPE : Connected to VT having rated secondary line-line voltage of 110V and CT having rated secondary current of 1A.
B-TYPE: Connected to VT having rated secondary line-line voltage of 110V and CT having rated secondary current of 5A.
It operates with power drawn from the secondary circuits and no auxiliary power supply required.

22. Operating section of (SEM)
a) Analog Section: High precision Current transformer and voltage transformer step down input currents and voltages which are fed to an Analog to Digital converter. b) Digital Section: A powerful microprocessor controls the Analog and Digital sections. Analog to Digital converters are fed from high precision instrument transformers. The Digital samples from Analog to Digital converter are used to process the metering data. The sampling rate is 3000 samples per second which gives the meter an exceptional accuracy and results. c) Power supply Section: A switch mode power supply (SMPs) unit supplies power to the meter’s internal circuit.

23. Data stored in a SEM
Each meter has a non-volatile memory in which the following is automatically stored:
i) Average frequency for each successive 15-minute block, as a 2-digit code
ii) Net Wh transmittal during each successive 15-minute block, upto second decimal, with plus/minus sign
iii) Cumulative Wh transmittal at each midnight, in six digits including one decimal
iv) Cumulative VARh transmittal for voltage high condition, at each midnight in six digits including one decimal
v) Cumulative VARh transmittal for voltage low condition, at each midnight, in six digits including one decimal
vi) Date and time blocks of failure of VT supply on any phase, as a star (*) mark
The meters store all the above listed data in their memories for a period of ten (10) days
Data older than ten (10) days get erased automatically.

24. Display parameters of SEM
Display Parameter Indication Display format Meter identification code A NP1234A Date (day, date, month, year) d dd-mm-yy Time (hour, min, sec) t hh:mm:ss Cumulative Wh reading c xxxx.x Wh Reactive Power Pr xxx:x VAr Average freq. of previous block F xx:xx Net Wh transmittal-previous block E xx:xx Average % voltage U xx:xx Voltage high VArh register reading H xxxx:x VArh Voltage low VArh register reading L xxxx:x VArh Real time indication rtC Fit Low battery indication Low Bat

25. Classification of SEMs
Main Meter : means a meter, which would primarily be used for accounting and billing of electricity.
Check Meter : means a meter, which shall be connected to the same core of CT and PT to which main meter is connected and shall be used for accounting and billing of electricity in case of failure of main meter.
Standby Meter : means a meter connected to CT and VT, other than those used for main meter and check meter and shall be used for accounting and billing of electricity in case of failure of both main meter and check meter;

26. Location of Meters Location Main meter Check meter Standby meter
Generating System
On all outgoing
feeders
HV side of GT
HV side of Station
Aux. Transformers
Transmission System
At one end of the line between the S/Ss of the same licensee and at the both ends of the line between S/Ss of two different licensees. Meters at both ends shall be considered as main meter.
There shall be no
separate standby
meter. Meter installed at other ends of the lines in case two different licensees shall work as standby
meter.
ICT
HV side of ICT
LV side of ICT

27. Location of Meters Philosophy of installation For GENERATING Stations
Out going feeders
CHECK METER
MAIN METER
400 KV BUS
STAND BY
METER
STN TRANSFORMER
GENERATOR

28. Location of Meters For ICTS 400 KV BUS MAIN METER ICT STAND BY METER
Main meter is provided on EHV side of ICT and stand by meter on LV side of ICT.
400 KV BUS
MAIN METER
ICT
STAND BY METER
220 KV BUS

29. Location of Meters For Inter-state lines. SEB-B SEB-A A B MAIN METER
STAND BY METER
STAND BY METER

30. Location of Meters Metering arrangement for POWERGRID lines.
On POWERGRID lines, unless an end is regional energy accounting point, an Energy Meter is provided only at one end of each line. The readings recorded by these meters are being used for information and analysis only, and not for the energy accounting purposes.

31. Measurement principle of SEM
Net Wh Transmittal during each successive 15-min time block up to second decimal, with plus/minus sign.
Cumulative Wh transmittal at each midnight in 6-digits including one decimal
It works in real time with the help of an in-built clock.
Average frequency of 15 mins block as 2 digit code ( 00 to 99 )
Actual freq = ( 2digit code / 50 )
e.g. If, SEM shows 2 digit code of 55 as frequency code,
The actual frequency = 49 + (55 / 50) = 50.1 Hz
Cumulative VARh transmittal for high voltage condition at each midnight
( V > 103% of Rated Voltage)
Cumulative VARh transmittal for low voltage condition at each midnight
(V < 97% of rated Voltage)
Data for Time blocks of failure of VT supply on any phase has a star mark as prefix.

32. Special Energy Meter (SEM)
Each meter has an optical port to access data stored in its memory. Hand held data collection device (DCD) are used as an interface between the meters and the PC
Meters can store 10 days data. Data downloaded in coded form (*.MRI, *.DAT) and is converted to Text file (*.NPC) through software SMARTGRID/ VINCOM.
Each day data, is of the following form
Meter no Watt hr Var – High Var – Low Date
NP–4201–A –
Meter no is of nine character starting with NP and A or B at the end indicates the type of CT used.
Any voltage problem is indicated by a star “*” mark preceding the energy data.

33. Testing of SEMs-general norms
On-site functional checking and rough testing of accuracy are being carried out for all meters once a year by the CTU
Full testing for accuracy for every meter is being carried out by the CTU at an accredited laboratory once every five (5) yrs. with meter of higher accuracy class
The constituents/agencies may depute one authorized representative to witness the tests.
Normally no re-calibration is required.
In case a meter is found to violate any of its accuracy , functional requirements during the above periodic accuracy checks, the same is replaced by CTU by a duly tested/certified meter, and the defective meter is sent back to the manufacturer for appropriate recalibration and re-certification

34. Fictituous meters
Fictituous meters(FICTMTRS) are a combination of METERS treated as a single entity. e.g.
(i) Total drawal of an SEB
(ii) Total relief from a generating station
(iii) Total transaction of energy between two regions.
FICTMTRS used to simplify the calculation process
Every fictitious meter is basically summation of certain no of Real meters.
E.g. (FK-92) = +(FK-08) +(FK-09) +(FK-10) +(FK-11)+(FK-12) +(FK-13) +(FK-17) +(FK-15) +(FK-16)
i.e FK92 represents TOT FSTPP Gen = sum of all real main meters installed in all the outgoing feeders from FSTPP
Such FICTMTRS are incorporated vide a .cfg file where the above formulae are listed in format readable by the software code

35. Metering arrangement-Typical view-TSTPP-I

36. Pairs.Dat File
This file gives the LOC-ID of main meter and standby meter and the permitted pair tolerance for each pair.
Main meters are those which are connected on 400 kV side of ICT or generator side of power station or sending end of inter state lines
The standby/check meters are on the other end
Standby meters are connected in reverse polarity so that sum of both MWh is zero in ideal condition. Suppose
E.g. the power flow is from main meter to standby meter, the main meter gives a +ve value and standby meter gives a –ve value and vice versa. Tolerance value in MWh for a 15 min block in +ve direction & -ve direction is given in this PAIRS.DAT, depending upon transformer /Line losses & CT/PT errors
The given tolerance value towards +ve side is called X value.
The tolerance value towards –ve side is called Y value.

37. Data Collecting Device
(DCD)

39. Data Collecting Device (DCD)
DCD is a hand held terminal, capable of communicating with SEM as also with PC. Both communication requires suitable software at both DCD and SEM
Features:
Battery operated
It has a key board / pad
LCD display screen
Communication slot

40. SEM data collection through DCD
Conventional data collection method for past 12 years.
DCD with Optical Cord
Optical port in SEM

41. Data collection through RS-485
What is RS-485?
Two wire connectivity (having ground) between meter and PC.
Enables automatic data downloading from all the meters in a location to a local PC.
No need of DCD

42. Connection Diagram : RS 485

43. Processing, Checking &
Validation of SEM data

44. Data processing of SEM data
Raw data is sent to RLDCs every week by Tuesday noon from sites through .
Raw data is converted to text files.
All text files are appended to a single text file.
Korba end SEM is used as master frequency meter.
Actual energy is calculated by a software as per configured fictitious meter.
Daily Output MWh pertaining to drawal/injection/IR exchange is created.
Daily Regional output file for the week period is created.
Regional loss is calculated after processing.
RLDCs send processed SEM data to respective RPCs.

45. Data checking & Validation
Identification of any metering error can be done through three broad categories of checks.
End1- End 2 (using pair check)
Net bus check of Generators using Kirchhoff’s
law.
Net bus check of substations using Kirchhoff’s
Checks are also carried out to ascertain time drift in the meters with reference to Master meter.

46. Thank You!