1. Clinical Documentation Improvement (CDI)

2. Short Stay Acute Care Facilities
Traditionally known as “hospitals”
Can offer a variety of services by order of a credentialed physician/provider who has privileges at the facility
“inpatient”
“outpatient”

3. Short Stay Acute Care Facilities
Hospitals that accept CMS beneficiaries agree to inpatient care reimbursement under the Inpatient Perspective Payment System (IPPS) and outpatient care reimbursement under the Outpatient Perspective Payment System (OPPS)

4. Medicare Reimbursement
It is the responsibility of the hospital to know when to bill Medicare Part A (IPPS) for inpatient services and when to bill Medicare Part B (OPPS) for outpatient services
HOWEVER the hospital can only bill CMS (Medicare/Medicaid) based on the services ordered by the physician

5. Inpatient Services
Traditionally referred to as an “admission” or “Admit to”
Most patients who spend the night in the hospital believe they are “admitted”
However, spending the night in the hospital does not automatically qualify for inpatient services

6. Inpatient Services Uses a day as its basic unit Day begins at midnight
Any part of a day = 1 day
Patient admitted at 11:30 pm = 1 day
Count first day of admission but not last day
Discharge patients as early as possible the day of discharge
Time of discharge are when services are complete not when the order is written

7. The Good and Bad of IPPS
Inpatient services are only a “covered” CMS benefit when medically necessary e.g., when the services could not have been safely provided in a lesser setting
Hospitals must verify the medical necessity of all inpatient stays/ episodes of care
Short stay admissions are vulnerable to scrutiny

8. The Good and Bad of IPPS
The IPPS uses a “bundled” payment system differentiated by MS-DRG
The MS-DRG payment covers all services rendered by the hospital during an inpatient stay regardless of the length of stay* (LOS)

9. IPPS Payment
The bulk of the cost associated with an inpatient stay is room & board
CMS bases reimbursement on the G/LOS
95% confidence interval for LOS based on all associated claims
Always rounded up to whole number as inpatient claims are paid per day

10. RAC Audits
The IPPS (MS-DRG) payment includes coverage for several days of tx, the potential for overpayment occurs when IPPS payment is made for a 1 or 2 day stay
Theoretical . . .
if a patient is discharged in fewer days than the associated GLOS the hospital makes $
if a patient stays longer than the associated GLOS the hospital loses $

12. High Risk Admission DRG
Hospital A will receive payment of $6,249 regardless of the services provided and how long the patient stayed in the hospital under the IPPS rules
When patients in MS-DRGs like this have a one-day inpatient stay CMS evaluates the possibility of overpayment
IPPS payment rather than OPPS payment

13. Purpose of Utilization Review (UR)
To ensure patients are receiving the correct level of hospital services based on medical necessity
Procedure Only/same day surgery
Observation/Outpatient services
Inpatient services
Billing at the incorrect level of care is Medicare fraud so a hospital does not bill for services that don’t meet medical necessity

14. Step Two What type of hospital service was ordered by the provider?
Inpatient
Appropriate for hemodynamic instability
Patients who need immediate intervention/tx
Observation
When in doubt this is probably the right level of care
Appropriate for stable patients with negative diagnostics who are receiving additional diagnostics

15. Is the Order Valid per CMS Guidelines?
Not only must an order be present, but it must be unambiguous
“admit to OBS” is no longer considered a valid order by Medicare as of April, 2009
The term “admit” = inpatient setting
The term “OBS” = outpatient setting

16. Is the Order Valid? The term “23 hours admission” is NOT valid
23 hour observation is an antiquated term
An inpatient admission is billed per day, a patient can be an inpatient AND remain hospitalized for less than 24 hours
Observation patients DON’T automatically “rollover” to inpatient status after 23 hours the physician must write a new order to cover care past the 23rd hour

17. Step Three
In order to verify medical necessity, CMS mandates the use of a “screening tool”
UR staff screen for medical necessity by performing an admission review
Is the ordered level of care supported by documentation in the medical record?

18. Observation Following Surgery/Procedure
Requires medical necessity validation
Observation is only justified if something occurs during the procedure and/or during recovery to necessitate an additional episode of care
Require 4-6 hours of recovery
“monitoring” does not justify observation care
The observation principal diagnosis isn’t the same as that to justify surgery

19. How Do You Justify Patient Status?
Document, document, document
Not only does a hospital need justification for the patient status, BUT the hospital is also dependent upon physician documentation for their CMS Quality Indicators and reimbursement

20. Documentation Basics
Observation care is for diagnostic workup so inpatients should have “evidence of” a concerning disease process to be admitted.
Always provide the underlying etiology of a symptom i.e., chest pain, syncope, abdominal pain, documented in the H&P in the discharge summary
A diagnosis can be “possible” or “probable” in the discharge summary if additional evaluation will occur in the outpatient setting

21. History and Physical
Specify in your “history of present illness” the following:
Onset of the new/ acute symptom
Is it an exacerbation of a chronic condition
How is the patient’s current condition different from baseline?

22. History & Physical
Specify the current status of all co-morbid conditions
State if resolved
History of pneumonia dx by PCP resolved
Remains acute
History of pneumonia dx by PCP remains acute
Is a chronic condition

23. Coding Guidelines
The principal diagnosis is the condition established after study to be chiefly responsible for occasioning the admission of the patient to the hospital
Not the admitting symptom
Link the symptoms to the underlying disease process
Fluid volume overload 2/2 ESRD

24. Documentation Guidelines
Avoid perpetuating the admitting complaint as the Pdx, update your diagnoses each progress note/daily
Clearly state when the etiology of the admitted complaint is determined if it’s symptomology was present on admission (POA)
Disease processes like pneumonia, SIRS, and sepsis should always be noted if the symptoms were POA

25. Documentation Guidelines
Clearly state when a differential or working diagnosis is ruled out or confirmed in the progress note and/or discharge summary
Unstable angina secondary to CAD remains likely cause of the CP
Pneumonia ruled out, abx stopped

26. Documentation Guidelines
There can still be “evidence of” a disease based on presenting complaints even when not confirmed with diagnostics
Aborted stroke 2/2 TPA intervention
Evidence of gram negative pneumonia (HCAP) 2/2 recent hospitalization and dialysis

27. The Value of a Concurrent Condition
Medicare identifies diagnoses (by ICD-9 codes) that require additional resources during hospitalization when not intrinsic to the PDx These diagnoses are separated into those that minimally  resource use (CC) and those that greatly  resource use (MCC) this stratification creates the “tiers”

28. What is The Clinical Documentation Improvement (CDI) Program?
Because clinical terms don’t often correspond to ICD-9 codes, many hospitals have a CDI program. RNs and/or coders who work collaboratively with providers and coders to bridge the gap between the data contained in the medical record i.e., test results, nurses notes, consultant notes, etc., and what is available for coding.

29. How Does CDI Work?
The CDI nurse establishes and updates a working MS-DRG based on the principal diagnosis, principal procedure (if applicable), and any concurrent conditions that are classified as a CC or MCC based on documentation by treating providers i.e., H&P, progress notes, discharge summary, etc.

30. Chart Queries
Whenever there is clinical evidence suggestive of a more definitive Pdx and/or the presences of an incomplete or missing diagnosis, i.e., a potential CC and/or MCC, the CDI specialist will “query” the physician to interpret the clinical evidence.
NOTE: Queries aren’t only to  reimbursement

31. Chart Queries
As with direct patient care, the CDI nurse presents relevant findings to the physician for review
CDI staff don’t evaluate the “quality of care”
The focus of CDI is ensuring provider documentation reflects the clinical evidence in the medical record and can be “captured” by ICD-9 codes

32. Chart Queries
CDI staff are not allowed to “lead” a physician to a particular response
CDI staff can’t pose yes/no questions
CDI staff can’t tell you what diagnosis to write
When possible, CDI staff will give the provider the diagnosis commonly associated with the clinical evidence that can be captured by ICD-9 code

33. Chart Queries
Coders can’t infer or assume so sometimes CDI staff must ask for documentation that seems obvious to the provider and/or to “link” a symptom to a diagnosis
A provider can always disagree or state the condition isn’t clinically significant or is an incidental finding

34. Reminders
Provide rationales/medical necessity for all orders justify the complexity of your patient
Refer to the H & P to address ALL presenting signs/symptoms with known, suspected or possible diagnoses
State when a differential dx has been confirmed or ruled out