1. Journal
How did the Catholic Church reform itself during the Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation)?

2. Homework Protestant Action Catholic Reaction
Relative Success in achieving Catholic/ Protestant aims
Geographic Area Contested
1. 95 Theses posted
Luther is threatened with Excommunication
Sparked popular movement among German Protestants
Holy Roman Empire

3. Protestant Action
Catholic Reaction
Relative Success in achieving Catholic/ Protestant aims
Geographic Area Contested
2. Protestants gained control of large numbers of Church faithful
Council of Trent
Numerous church reforms
Northern and Western Europe

4. Protestant Action
Catholic Reaction
Relative Success in achieving Catholic/ Protestant aims
Geographic Area Contested
3. Dutch become Calvinists
Spanish Inquisition
Conveyed the impression that the Church had gone too far to silence those who did not agree (Protestants controlled the Netherlands)
Netherlands

5. Protestant Action
Catholic Reaction
Relative Success in achieving Catholic/ Protestant aims
Geographic Area Contested
4. Protestant pamphlets become widespread
The Index of Forbidden Books is created
More sense of going too far
Protestant Western Europe

6. Protestant Action
Catholic Reaction
Relative Success in achieving Catholic/ Protestant aims
Geographic Area Contested
5. Protestants failed to spread their faith in the Hapsburg states
Jesuits founded
Church was able with the help of the Jesuits to re- Catholicize Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe

7. Catholic Reformation
Spain was among the first to address clerical abuses under Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros
Under pontiff Paul III ( ) issues like the Protestant Reformation were addressed on a larger scale
Catholic Reformation was born

8. Catholic Reformation vs. Counter- Reformation
Catholic Reformation= actions designed to revive Catholic spirituality
Counter Reformation= negative actions designed to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation

9. List of Actions taken by the Catholic Church:
New religious orders
Council of Trent
Strengthening the Papacy and Inquisition
Index of Prohibited Books
Baroque Art

10. 1. New Religious Orders
“A religious orders are organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion”
They usually live in monasteries under strict rules

11. Jesuits Society of Jesus (aka Jesuits)
Founded by Ignatius Loyola ( ) in the 1540s
Like Luther, Loyola underwent a spiritual conversion
Wrote a book entitled Spiritual Exercises which contains his famous phrase “If I see a thing to be white but the institutional church commands it to be black, I will see it as black”
No national base; saw themselves as the “troops of the Pope”
Also considered themselves missionaries to “those who did not know Christ”

12. Jesuit contributions to the Catholic Reformation
They re- Catholicized large parts of Eastern Europe in particular Poland and Hungary
Focused on education and charitable works

13. Other Catholic Orders
Angela Merici founded the Ursulines to educate girls
Teresa of Avila founded the Carmelites who dedicated themselves to a life of service and meditation
Oratory of Divine Love a group formed by lay people, pushed for church reform and assisted one another in leading lives of simplicity

14. New breed of strict and hardworking bishops emerge
Gian Matteo Giberti of Verona, Italy
Cardinal Charles Borromeo of Milan

15. 2. Council of Trent
Meeting was a poorly attended late reaction to the Protestant reformation
Accomplishments:
1.Cardinals (most of them Italian and Spanish) eliminated many church abuses and provided a better education and regulation for local priests
2. Church refused to come to an agreement with Protestants on religious doctrine. Instead it reaffirmed distinctive Catholic practices like celibacy, the authority of the Pope and transubstantiation

16. 3. Strengthening the Papacy and Inquisition
Papal bureaucracy was centralized and strengthened
Altered the creation of the Roman Inquisition
Designed to root out perceived heresies

17. 4. Index of Prohibited Books
Under the pontificate of Pope Paul IV “the Church clamped down on any printed materials that threatened to mislead the faithful away from the orthodox (conservative) interpretations of the magisterial (teaching authority)”

18. 5. Baroque Art
Church patronized an artistic movement that focused on the following:
Grandeur
Illusion
Dramatic religiosity
Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini was a very important and commissioned artist at this time

19. How does this work speak to the illiterate?

20. How successful was the Catholic Response?
By 1560 religious divide was evident, Catholic response was “too little too late”
Some parts of Europe had been re- Catholicized
Fact: After the Council of Trent in 1564, religious agreements were no longer possible.