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Chapter 5: Biodiversity & Conservation
Biological Studies
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5.1 Biodiversity Biodiversity maintains a healthy biosphere and provides direct and indirect value to humans.
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Biodiversity The variety of life in an area
determined by the number of different species in that area Increases health and stability of biosphere Extinction – when the last member of a species dies Extinction causes a decrease in biodiversity, which decreases the health of the biosphere Levels of Biodiversity: Genetic Species Ecosystem
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Levels of Biodiversity
Genetic Diversity - variety of genes or inheritable characteristics present in a population increases the chances that some species will survive during changing environmental conditions Species Diversity – number of different species and the abundance of each species in a biological community Not evenly distributed over biosphere Increases closer to the equator Ecosystem Diversity – variety of ecosystems present in the biosphere
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Importance of Biodiversity
A healthy biosphere provides services to humans and other organisms on Earth Healthy ecosystems provide protection against floods and drought, detoxify and decompose wastes, and regulate climates BIODIVERSITY
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5.2 Threats to Biodiversity
Some human activities reduce biodiversity in ecosystems. This could have serious long-term effects on the biosphere.
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Extinction Background Extinction – process of becoming extinct
Scientists worried about the rate of extinction Mass Extinction – an event in which a large percentage of all living species becomes extinct in a relatively short period of time DINOSAURS!
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Threats to Biodiversity
Current high rate of extinction due to activity of one species – Homo sapiens Humans are changing the conditions on earth faster than new traits to can develop to cope with the new changes Evolving species do not have the natural resources they need Threats include: Overexploitation Habitat Loss Pollution Introduced Species
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Threats Overexploitation - excessive use of species that have economic value Rhinoceros – hunted and killed for their horns Habitat Loss Destroyed: clearing a natural rain forest Disrupted: decline of one species in the food web disrupts other species (overfishing) Fragmented: separation of an ecosystem into smaller parts, cannot cross human barriers to get resources or reproduce, changes abiotic conditions
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Increasing human population has lead to:
Needing more space to live Loss of habitat Loss of species Loss of biodiversity
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Pollution Changes the composition of air, soil, and water
Biological magnification: increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as the trophic levels increase Acid Precipitation: burning fossil fuels creates sulfur and nitrogen compounds that react with other substances in the air to form sulfuric and nitric acid Removes calcium, potassium, and other nutrients from the soil, deprives plants
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Alligator Snapping Turtle
Introduced Species Nonnative species that are either intentionally or unintentionally introduced to a new habitat Often reproduce in large numbers because there are no predators, become invasive Responsible for 40% of extinctions since 1750 Alligator Snapping Turtle
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5.3 Conserving Biodiversity
People are using many approaches to slow the rate of extinctions and to preserve biodiversity
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Natural Resources The biosphere supplies basic needs for 7 billion humans The growth in population is not evenly distributed, nor is the consumption of natural resources
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Natural Resources Renewable Nonrenewable Resources that are replaced by natural processes faster than they are consumed Solar energy Clean air Clean water Found on Earth in limited amounts or that are replaced by natural processes over LONG periods of time Fossil fuels A species if it becomes extinct Sustainable Use – using resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled while preserving the long-term environmental health of the biosphere GOING GREEN
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Conserving Biodiversity
Protecting Restoring Hot Spots Corridors The larger the effected area, the longer it takes to recover Bioremediation – the use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area Biological augmentation – adding natural predators to a degraded ecosystem
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Which factor is most responsible for the
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which factor is most responsible for the lack of plants in polar regions? heavy grazing by herbivores little precipitation no soil for plants to take root not enough sunlight A B C D CDQ 1
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What form of pollution is caused by
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter Diagnostic Questions What form of pollution is caused by extensive algae growth in waterways? acid precipitation eutrophication biological magnification edge effects A B C D CDQ 2
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Which is not a renewable resource?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a renewable resource? solar energy fossil fuels agricultural plants clean water A B C D CDQ 3
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Which has indirect economic value?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.1 Formative Questions Which has indirect economic value? ecosystems that decompose wastes organisms that provide food and shelter plants that contain medicinal substances species that have desirable genetic traits A B C D FQ 1
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Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.1 Formative Questions It is likely that some of the world’s unidentified species will have economic value. true false A B FQ 2
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When does the aesthetic value of an ecosystem become most apparent?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.1 Formative Questions When does the aesthetic value of an ecosystem become most apparent? when scientists begin to study the ecosystem when the ecosystem has been destroyed when the ecosystem is given economic value A B C FQ 3
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Which describes the current rate of species disappearance?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.2 Formative Questions Which describes the current rate of species disappearance? background extinction mass extinction natural extinction progressive extinction A B C D FQ 4
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Where are most extinctions likely to occur in the near future?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.2 Formative Questions Where are most extinctions likely to occur in the near future? deserts grasslands tropical forests temperate forests A B C D FQ 5
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What is the primary factor that has endangered
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.2 Formative Questions What is the primary factor that has endangered the North American bison and the white rhinoceros? habitat loss eutrophication overexploitation nonnative predators A B C D FQ 6
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What is the number one cause of species extinction today?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.2 Formative Questions What is the number one cause of species extinction today? habitat loss human predators transported diseases background extermination A B C D FQ 7
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Which resource is nonrenewable?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.3 Formative Questions Which resource is nonrenewable? agricultural plants clean water forest timber mineral deposits A B C D FQ 8
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For which human activity is sustainable use not possible?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.3 Formative Questions For which human activity is sustainable use not possible? farming logging oil drilling commercial fishing A B C D FQ 9
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Which is an example of bioremediation?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation 5.3 Formative Questions Which is an example of bioremediation? replanting trees in an area affected by acid rain using microorganisms to detoxify an oil spill enacting a law that protects endangered amphibians introducing natural predators to control a crop pest A B C D FQ 10
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biological magnification habitat fragmentation
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the figure. Name the process that is occurring with the increasing concentration of DDT. pollution extinction biological magnification habitat fragmentation A B C D CAQ 1
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Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter Assessment Questions Use the graph to determine the approximate recovery time for a volcanic eruption. 1–10 years 10–100 years 100–1000 years 1000 years or more A B C D CAQ 2
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Explain how killer whales adapted to their
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter Assessment Questions Explain how killer whales adapted to their environment when their primary food source began to disappear. Answer: Killer whales started to prey on sea otters instead of sea lions and harbor seals. CAQ 3
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Which type of biodiversity increases as you
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Standardized Test Practice Which type of biodiversity increases as you move geographically from the polar regions to the equator? ecosystem diversity genetic diversity social diversity species diversity A B C D STP 1
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Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Standardized Test Practice How does genetic diversity increase a species’ chance of survival? It increases the number of organisms that have useful genes. It increases the ability of a species to adapt to environmental changes. It produces a variety of species within a biological community. It randomly distributes members of a species throughout an ecosystem. A B C D STP 2
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fishes killer whales sea otters sea urchins Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Standardized Test Practice If a toxic substance enters this food web, which animals will have the highest concentration of the toxic substance in their tissues? fishes killer whales sea otters sea urchins A B C D STP 3
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What type of substances causes eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems?
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Standardized Test Practice What type of substances causes eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems? acid rain fertilizers PCBs pesticides A B C D STP 4
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Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Standardized Test Practice Which factor has the greatest impact on a country’s rate of natural resource consumption? land area population industrialization availability of resources A B C D STP 5
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Which event has the greatest potential to cause irreversible
Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Standardized Test Practice Which event has the greatest potential to cause irreversible damage to biodiversity? oil spill urbanization industrial pollution modern agriculture A B C D STP 6
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