1. Corporate strategy and the structure of the organizations
Strategic management
Lecture 11
Corporate strategy and the structure of the organizations

2. Process of strategic management
Expectations
and purposes
The
environment
Resources,
competences
and capability
Strategic
analysis
Bases of
strategic
choice
Organisation
structure
and
design
Strategy
implemen-
tation
Strategic
choice
Resource
allocation
and
control
Strategic
options
Strategy
evaluation
and selection
Managing
strategic
change 12

3. Development of Apple’s structure
1. Stage: entrepreneurial startup
Jobs and Wozniak
entrepreneurs
Part-time workers
2, Stage: Small business
Jobs and Wozniak
Owner and managers
Sales supervisor
Purchasing agent
Production supervisor
Accountant
Board
3. Stage: Multimational busuiness
CEO
Sales
Marketing
Production
Finance

4. Why Have a Structure? All businesses have to organise what they do
A clear structure makes it easier to see which part of the business does what
There are many ways to structure a business

5. The Basic Tasks of Organization THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGE:
Achieving high levels of productivity requires SPECIALIZATION
Specialization by individuals necessitates COORDINATION
For coordination to be effective requires COOPERATION
But goals of employees == goals of owners
THE AGENCY PROBLEM
THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGE:
To design structure & systems that:
Permit specialization
Facilitate coordination by grouping individuals & link groups with systems of communication, decision making, & control
Create incentives to align individual & firm goals

6. Organization design
Organization design is the process of beveloping an organization sttructure. The organizaton structure consist of four elements:
The assignment of taska and responsibilities that define the jobs of individuals and units,
The clustering of individual positions into units and units into departments and larger units to form an organization’s hierarchy,
The various mechanisms required to facilitate vertical coordunation, such as the number of individual reporting to any given managerial position and degree of delegation of authority,
The various mechanisms needed to fostar horizontal coordination, such as task forcas and interdepartnemtal teams

7. Job-design
A job: is a collection of tasks performed in support of organizational objectives.
The jobs are defined by the job description: specification of task activities associated with a particular job
There are four major approaches to job design:
Job simplification: The process of configuring jobs so that jobholders have only a small number of narrow activities to perform,
Job rotation: Practice of periodically shifting workers through a set of jobs,
Job enlargement: Allocatioion of a wilder variety of similar task to a job,
Job enrichment: the process of ungrading and increase of the decisionmaking authority of the jobholder

8. Some Key Terms Define of jobs Span of control
Empowerment, and delegation
Chain of command
Groupings of activities
Flat or tall structure
Hierarchy

9. Span of Control
This term is used to describe the number of employees that each manager/supervisor is responsible for.
The span of control is said to be wide if a superior is in charge of many employees and narrow if the superior is in charge of a few employees.

10. Empowerment
Empowerment is the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think, behave, take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways.
It is the state of feeling self-empowered to take control of one's own destiny.

11. Chain of command
A system whereby authority passes down from the top through a series of executive positions or military ranks in which each is accountable to the one directly superior.

12. Groupings: a ways to structure a business
By function: arranging the business according to what each section or department does
By product or activity: organising according to the different products made
By area: geographical or regional structure

13. Groupings: a ways to structure a business
By customer: where different customer groups have different needs
By process: where products have to go through stages as they are made
What are the advantages/disadvantages of different types of business structure?

14. Tall Structure Organisation
In its simpliest form a tall organisation has many levels of management and supervision.
There is a “long chain of command” running from the top of the organisation eg Chief Executive down to the bottom of the organisation eg shop floor worker.

15. Diagram: Tall Structure

16. Advantages Disadvantages
Employees can be closely supervised.
There is a clear management structure.
The function of each layer will be clear and distinct.
There will be clear lines of responsibility and control.
There is a narrow span of control .
The freedom and responsibility of employees (subordinates) is restricted.
Decision making could be slowed down
Communication has to take place through many layers of management.
High management costs

17. Flat Structure Organisation
In contrast to a tall organisation, a flat organisation will have relatively few layers or just one layer of management.
This means that the “Chain of Command” from top to bottom is short and the “span of control is wide”.
Due to the small number of management layers, flat organisations are often small organisations.

18. Diagram: Flat Structure

19. Advantages of flat Organisations Disadvantages of flat Organisations
More/Greater communication between management and workers.
Better team sprit.
Less bureaucracy and easier decision making.
Fewer levels of management:includes benefits – lower management costs.
Workers may have more than one manager/boss.
May limit the growth of the organisation.
Structure limited to small organisations.
Function of each department/person could be blurred and merge into the job roles of others.

20. Hierarchical Organisation
In a hierarchical organisation employees are ranked at various levels within the organisation, each level is one above the other.
At each stage in the chain, one person has a number of workers directly under them, within their span of control.
The chain of command (ie the way authority is organized) is a typical pyramid shape

21. Evolution of the Modern Corporation
The business
environment
Strategic
changes
Organizational
consequences
Early
19th
century
Local markets Firms specialized & Small firms.
Transport slow focused on local Simple manage-
Limited mechanization markets ment structures
Late
19th
century
Introduction of Geographical and Functional struct-
railroads, telegraph vertical expansion ures. Line/staff
industrialization separation. Accou-
nting systems
Early
20th
century
Excess capacity in Product & Development of
distribution. Growth multinational multidivisional
of financial institut- diversification corporation
ions & world trade

22. A Functional Structure

23. A Multidivisional Structure

24. A Multinational Matrix Structure

25. The building blocks of organisations
Strategic
apex
Ideology
Support
staff
Techno
structure
Middle
line
Operating core

26. Organizational iceberg model
These components are:
Publicly observable
Generally rational,
Cognitiveli derived
Overt organization
Structure,
Job-description, span of control, rules, roles
These conponents are:
Hidden,
Generally affective,
Emotionally derived
Covert organization
Emergent power and influence pattern,
Emotional feeling,
Group norms
Individual role perception,
Needs, and desires

27. A Transnational Structure
Exploits knowledge across borders
Gets the best of multi-domestic and global strategy
High local responsiveness
High global coordination
National units operate independently, but are a source of ideas and capabilities for the whole organisation
National/regional units achieve greater scale economies by specialising
Corporate centre manages global network

28. Diagram: Hierarchical Organisation

29. Advantages Disadvantages
Authority and responsibility and clearly defined
Clearly defined promotion path. There are specialists managers
Employees are very loyal to their department within the organisation.
The organisation can be bureaucratic and respond slowly to changing customer needs and the market
Communication across various sections can be poor especially horizontal communication.
Departments can make decisions -rivalry

30. Matrix ( or project-based) organisations
A Matrix structure organisation contains teams of people created from various sections of the business.
These teams will be created for the purposes of a specific project and will be led by a project manager.
Often the team will only exist for the duration of the project and matrix structures are usually deployed to develop new products and services.

31. The Matrix structure

32. The advantages of a matrix include
Individuals can be chosen according to the needs of the project.                              
The use of a project team which is dynamic and able to view problems in a different way as specialists.
Project managers are directly responsible for completing the project within a specific deadline and budget.
The disadvantages include
A conflict of loyalty between line managers and project managers over the allocation of resources.
If teams have a lot of independence can be difficult to monitor.
Costs can be increased if more managers (ie project managers) are created through the use of project teams.

33. The most important people are the employees who are at the forefront of serving the customers. 
The rest of the hierarchy is there to enable the employees to do their job. 
So rather than the workers being responsible to their bosses, the bosses are there to service the needs of the workers as they go about their company’s business.

34. Pros and Cons of Different Structures
This depends on the business type, size and structure used
Let’s look at a functional structure:
Board of Directors
Chief Executive
Production
Marketing
Accounts
Personnel IT

35. Functional Structure Advantages Disadvantages
Specialisation – each department focuses on its own work
Accountability – someone is responsible for the section
Clarity – know your and others’ roles
Disadvantages
Closed communication could lead to lack of focus
Departments can become resistant to change
Coordination may take too long
Gap between top and bottom

36. An Example of Organisation by Product/Activity
Hewlett Packard
Imaging and
Printing Group
Personal
Systems Group
Enterprise
Systems Group
HP Services
HP Financial
Services

37. Organisation by Product/Activity
Advantages
Clear focus on market segment helps meet customers’ needs
Positive competition between divisions
Better control as each division can act as separate profit centre
Disadvantages
Duplication of functions (e.g. different sales force for each division)
Negative effects of competition
Lack of central control over each separate division

38. Hewlett-Packard’s Headquarters Worldwide
Organisation by Area
Hewlett-Packard’s Headquarters Worldwide
Hewlett Packard
Americas
Houston, Texas
Europe, Middle East, Africa
Geneva, Switzerland
Asia Pacific
Hong Kong

39. Organisation by Area Advantages Disadvantages Serve local needs better
Positive competition
More effective communication between firm and local customers
Disadvantages
Conflict between local and central management
Duplication of resources and functions

40. Other Organisational Structures
By Customer:
Similar effects to structuring by product
By Process:
Similar to structuring by function

41. Organising for Success – Outline (1)
Key challenges in organising for success
Control, knowledge management, coping with change, response to globalisation
Structural types of organisations
Strengths and weaknesses
Organisational processes
Planning systems, performance targets
Management of internal and external relationships
Help or hinder success

42. Organising for Success – Outline (2)
Three reinforcing strands for organising configurations
Structure, processes and relationships
Implications of configurations for organisational performance and change

43. Multinational Structures

44. Comparison of Structures
Challenge
Structure
Control
Change
Knowledge
Globalisation
Functional
*** * **
Multidivisional
Holding
Matrix
Transnational
Team
Project
Exh 8.6 adapted

45. Strategic Planning

46. Financial Control

47. Strategic Control

48. Configurational Dilemmas