1. CRISIS IN URBAN AND HOUSING ISSUES
A COMPARISON BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND MALAYSIA

2. DEEN
ARIFF
MASHITAH
HAJAR
DIN
SYAFAF

3. American Dream Vs Malaysian Dream = ?
DEFINITION
House as basic need
Housing is a merit good
American Dream Vs Malaysian Dream = ?
Homeless
Squatters

4. POLICY ANALYSIS MODEL - Dunn Policy Relevant Info POLICY PROBLEM
POLICY ALTERNATIVE
POLICY ACTION
POLICY OUTCOME
POLICY PERFORMANCE
- Dunn
Policy Relevant Info

5. Background of Problem Migrations of the affluent to the suburb areas.
UNITED STATES
Migrations of the affluent to the suburb areas.
- affected the American politics and lower-income workers in the urban
MALAYSIA
High rate of rural-urban migration.
Squatters in urban area- cause by rapid industrialization and urbanization by NEP

6. Policy Problem: Causes
UNITED STATES
Homeless
a. Falling incomes
b. Reductions in safety net programmes
c. Affordability of housing and the homeless
d. Individual pathologies
Greatest subsidies placed among the wealthiest
- 20% of the population
Rising cost of unsubsidized housing lead to increasing housing problem
MALAYSIA
Affordability of housing price with reference to monthly house hold income – price must be within range whereby the buyers can obtain financing to facilitate purchase.
Accessibility of housing to M’sians in terms of demand and supply of unit houses- adequate supply of housing units the purchaser to choose from and by.
Quality of housing construction.

7. Policy Problem: Market Failure
UNITED STATES
A major problem; labor markets drive the wages of people below the level
- income too low and private housing markets cannot provide affordable house for them
MALAYSIA
Shortage in supply of affordable shelter for low income cause squatter in urban area.
Deficiency in supply of housing information cause mismatch of supply and demand mechanism in housing industry.
Lack of government research on local housing resources cause rising price of housing and reliance to imported material and technologies.
Private companies have no interest in low cost housing project since it is not profitable.

8. Policy Problem: Stakeholder and Actors
UNITED STATES
Stakeholders:
Government (U.S Housing & Urban Development)
housing markets (private sector)
housing owners
Actors:
1) government
2) housing markets
MALAYSIA
Stakeholder:
People- Purchaser
Private Sector (Housing Construction Industries)
Actors:
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
National Housing Development
Peninsular Malaysia Town & Country Planning Development
National Landscape Department
Sewerage Service Department
Malaysia Fire and Safety Development
Houses Buyers Association
Real Estate and Housing Developers’ Association

9. Policy Alternatives UNITED STATES MALAYSIA
Several policy options ;
1. shelter
2. education
3. substance-abuse counseling
4. job-training
5. medical treatment
Target group: low-skilled labors.
MALAYSIA
Prefabricated system to speed up construction compared to conventional bricks system.
Facilitating role by government by giving incentive to private company.
Regulatory measures on low cost housing.
Buying from private sector
Increasing the stock of low cost housing

10. Policy Actions UNITED STATES MALAYSIA i. tax deduction Goals:
U.S HOUSING POLICY
Goals : provide every American with “a decent house in a suitable living environment”
i. tax deduction
- deduction of money from the income
ii. mortgage assistance
- subsidy to the middle class
iii. low-income assistance
- eligibility
- public housing
- tenant-based vouchers and rental vouchers
- project-based assistance
MALAYSIA
Through National Housing Policies programs from First M’sia Plan up to Seventh M’sia Plan
Goals:
To ensure social-economic stability.
To promote national development.
To ensure all people regardless of their income to live in decent house.
Provision of housing- low income people in urban areas.
Eradication of poverty and restructuring of society.

11. Policy Outcomes Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 UNITED STATES MALAYSIA
An increasing in spending of their incomes on housing without purchasing other necessities
Number of renter households increased since 1970
The existence of homeless remain.
- since : American homeless population are between 444,000 and 842,000 (Dpt.of Housing and Urban Development)
- especially among African-American, women, young people are increased in number.
MALAYSIA
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3

12. Policy Actions: Contd.. MALAYSIA Objectives:
To provide adequate, affordable and quality housing for all Malaysians, particularly low income group
Every family to own a house
Table A

13. Policy Performance UNITED STATES MALAYSIA
The collective effort in overcome the problem of homeless has been challenged as unworkable and unjustified.
- due to problem of homeless is remain
The goal of the policy is not achieved – it’s a failure of US housing policy.
MALAYSIA
In General, government’s housing policies have not met their goals and objectives. Why?
Government regulation failed to protect consumer interest.
Lack of coordination between federal and state government.
Lack of affordable housing.
Deficient housing information.
Deficient research and development of building materials and building technology.
Defective housing quality

14. Recommendations UNITED STATES
Public policy effort to deal with homelessness must first identify the homeless population and determine their needs.
Serious policies must include job training and opportunities for employment in occupations that pay enough to make housing affordable.
Political mobilization of individuals, community action and other committed groups are important in assisting the income distribution at the bottom level.
MALAYSIA
Legislation review
Cooperation implementation
Land and housing development rationalization
Licensing qualification

15. Table A

16. Table 1

17. Table 2

18. Table 3