1. What 3 Factors helped spark the Industrial Revolution?
Agricultural Revolution- New farming techniques, New Technologies, made farming more productive and more food.
Population Boom- As a product of the increase in food, more people survived and families got larger. This workforce also was forced to the cities by the success of the new Farming Techniques
New Technologies- New technologies revolutionize the way things are produce. The invention of the steam engine changed the way work was powered, and new iron making techniques created stronger building materials.

2. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Origins
Agricultural revolution – dikes, fertilizer, seed drill (Jethro Tull), alfalfa – enclosure – rich landowners fence in the land, small farmers forced to the cities – More food for the people
Capital for investment – money economy
Mineral resources – coal and iron
Government favorable to business - Capitalism
Markets – people demand new products

3. VS

4. Enclosure Acts
Increased farm production.
Why?

5. Industrial Revolution in Britain by 1850

6. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
Cotton Industry – Textiles
John Kay’s flying Shuttle, helped to increase the speeds at which weavers worked, in fact out pacing spinners
James Hargreaves solved that with the Spinning Jenny which spun many threads at once.
Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, which used water power to speed up spinning.

7. Spinning Jenny invented by James Hargreaves
spun multiple threads at one time
threads were still thick and broke easily
invented in 1764

8. Water Frame - Arkwright

11. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
The Steam engine
Coal=heat water=steam
Newcomen Steam Engine

12. A Boulton and Watt Steam Engine

13. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
The Iron Industry – Henry Bessemer
Puddling, using coke to burn away impurities – iron ore to pure iron – Improved the steam engine
Iron Ore

15. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
A Revolution in Transportation: Railroad
James Watt improve the steam engine
Britain had the 1st major rail line in 1830 – cheaper goods

16. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
Fulton’s steamboat – move up stream – faster and carry more

17. Spinning Jenny

18. A British Textile Factory

19. Focus Qs
Do any of the Conditions that were helpful to Britain in its development at this time still exist in America today?
Do you think the model of the Industrial Revolution in England could help us in our own Economy now? How? Explain.

20. Industrial Society in Europe
population and migration – population explosion in Europe leads more and more people to live in the cities
life is tough in the city – inadequate housing and sanitation, disease and crime
in rural areas serfdom is abolished in Prussia, Austria and Russia

21. Labor Middle class benefits the most
split of work force – some held steady jobs with good wages, others were the working poor who held jobs with low wages and poor conditions
wage-labor force – proletarianization – workers labor becomes a commodity of the labor marketplace
guild system – an association of merchants or craftsmen that offered protection to its members and set rules for their works and products
Standard of living does increase – not much though
confection – goods, such as shoes, are produced in standard sizes rather than specifically for one customer
led to more division of labor
sometimes less wages and worker unrest

22. Hardships of Early Industrial Life
The Factory System
Rigid Discipline
12-16 hour shifts
men, women and children
exhaustion led to many accidents
many lost limbs, got black lung, white lung or died
Workers were fired if they were sick
Then went home to feed families and deal with sickness
Life was very hard
Women Workers
Worked same hours and made less

23. Hardships of Early Industrial Life
Many workers called for labor unions
Eventually working class men gained the right to vote
Con’s to the Industrial Revolution
Low pay initially
Unemployment
Dismal working conditions
Slums & Disease
Social problems
Pro’s to the Industrial revolution
Demand for mass produced goods
More jobs were available
Wages eventually rose
Cost of travel fell
Opportunities increased

24. Labor Laws
Factory Act Limited the hours worked by children to a maximum of 12 per day.
Factory Act Children under 9 banned from working in the textiles industry and year olds limited to a 48 hour week. (2 hours of education)
Factory Act Maximum of 12 hours work per day for Women.
Factory Act Maximum of 10 hours work per day for Women and children.
Factory Act Increased hours worked by Women and children to 10 and a half hours a day, but not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm.
Factory Act No worker allowed to work more than 56.5 hours per week.

25. Child Labor

28. This is not FOG, Smog from the Pollution of Factories

29. The Family
In the early factory system, roles in the family stayed mainly the same / fathers employed their wives and children
Wages for skilled laborers becomes high enough that some children are able to leave the factory and go to school
Marriage - women would leave the workforce to live on her husband’s earnings once married
Poor health care – hospitals were dangerous because risk of infection – Louis Pasteur

30. Crime and Order during the Industrial Revolution
as populations in the cities increased, so did crime rates, especially theft and arson – workers lived in slums/tenements
new police forces – kept order, protected property and lives, investigated crime, apprehended offenders
appeared in France in 1828
in England in 1829 – the “bobbies”
in Germany in 1848
prison reform
instead of being housed together with all others, offenders of serious crimes are sent to transportation – to South Wales, Australia
goals of prisons change from punishment to reform
prisoners isolated from each other – often led to mental health problems
prisoners learn skills or a trade
some of the worst British criminals sent to Devil’s Island in South America

31. Think Questions:
With what you know came out of the Industrial Revolution ( Developments, inventions, etc.) were these working conditions and the pain they caused worth it? Explain and justify your answer.
If it would give similar advances in technology today, would you endorse these same types of working conditions in our country? Explain.

32. Classical Economists
Thomas Malthus – contended in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) – that population would outstrip food supply making conditions of working class worse – disease, famine, and war
David Ricardo – Principles of Political Economy (1817) – saw viscous cycle in which wages were raised, population would increase, labor market would expand, lowering wages and producing fewer children.
Jeremy Bentham – believed in utilitarianism – greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people
Adam Smith – Free-market system will help the people -laissez-faire

33. Socialism
Utopian Socialists – often advocated for the creation of ideal communities and questioned capitalism
Robert Owen – mill owner
Envisioned workers living in communities where factory and farm shared their resources – child care
New Harmony, Indiana – fails due to quarrels amongst workers
Communism?

34. Karl Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx – believed class conflict will eventually lead to the triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie and the abolition of private property and social class – becomes to be known as Marxism
Friedrich Engels
published The Condition of the Working Class in England – presented a devastating picture of working conditions in industrial life
joined with Marx to write Communist Manifesto – called for more radical change then socialism – the outright abolition of private property, rather than just the redistribution

35. The Industrial Revolution Spreads
Belgium follows Britain’s lead in the Industrial Revolution
Germany, France and the United States shortly follow
The United States eventually becomes the leading Industrial Power in the world (Samuel Slater)
Eastern nations did not Industrialize as fast as Western nations
Russia eventually Industrializes after a long period of social and political unrest

36. The Industrial Revolution Spreads
Western Nations become dominant
Companies began to hire scientists and researchers to make machines and products better
Most nations measured their success based on the amount of steel they outputted
Nations started to experiment with chemicals
Alfred Nobel invents dynamite

37. The Industrial Revolution Spreads
In the Late 1800’s electricity replaced steam as the dominant source of Industrial power
Alessandro Volta – creates first battery
Michael Faraday – creates first dynamo (machine that generates electricity)
Thomas Edison – creates first light bulb
Electricity allowed factories to work after dark

38. The Industrial Revolution Spreads
Companies begin to design products with interchangeable parts
Assembly Line created
Both of these increased production
Automobile Age begins
Invented in Germany by Nikolaus Otto, Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler
Improved upon by Henry Ford
People laughed at these “horseless carriages”
Assembly Line Activity

39. The Industrial Revolution Spreads
Conquest of the Air
Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the “Kitty Hawk” in 1903
Commercial flight begins in the 1920’s
Rapid Communication
Samuel Morse invents Morse code for telegraph
Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone
Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio

40. The Industrial Revolution Spreads
New Directions for Business
Businesses began to sell stock
Corporations begin to form
A movement towards monopolies
Monopolies buy everything they can and eliminate the competition
Once the competition is gone they can raise the prices to any level they want
Sometimes monopolies would form together to form a cartel
Many call for regulation against monopolies and cartels
In your binder write about your opinion of monopolies and cartels

41. The World of Cities Between 1800 and 1900 the world population doubles
This is not because families were larger
It is because the death rate decreased
People ate better and medical advances allowed for this
Germ Theory
Louis Pasteur discovered the link between germs and disease
He also created vaccines for these germs and microbes
Created the process of pasteurization – filtering milk

42. Medical Advancements.
1846 anesthesia is introduced, which reduced pain during surgery.
Early on hospitals themselves were dirty and dangerous places, were many patients died of infection.
Florence Nightingale was one of the first to see the value of a sanitary environment.

43. The World of Cities Florence Nightingale Urban Renewal Labor Unions
Cleaned up hospital conditions
Urban Renewal
Repairing the poor areas of cities
Sidewalks, Sewers, Street Lights, Police & Fire Departments, Clean Water
Slums continued to exist in the poorest outskirts of cities
Labor Unions
Fought for workers rights
Helped increase the standard of living

44. Changing Attitudes and Values
A new social order
For the first time in history the upper class included the self made rich
Young people had more of a choice who they married
The rights of women were promoted – woman’s suffrage
Public education is promoted
Higher education is promoted
Charles Darwin – “The Origin of Species” – evolution
Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest amongst people
Helped encourage racism

45. Quality of Life during Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution brought about a greater volume and variety of factory-produced goods and raised the standard of living for many people, particularly for the middle and upper classes. However, life for the poor and working classes continued to be filled with challenges. Wages for those who labored in factories were low and working conditions could be dangerous and monotonous. Unskilled workers had little job security and were easily replaceable. Children were part of the labor force and often worked long hours and were used for such highly hazardous tasks as cleaning the machinery. In the early 1860s, an estimated one-fifth of the workers in Britain’s textile industry were younger than 15. Industrialization also meant that some craftspeople were replaced by machines. Additionally, urban, industrialized areas were unable to keep pace with the flow of arriving workers from the countryside, resulting in inadequate, overcrowded housing and polluted, unsanitary living conditions in which disease was rampant. Conditions for Britain’s working-class began to gradually improve by the later part of the 19th century, as the government instituted various labor reforms and workers gained the right to form trade unions.