1. This valley glacier has bands that look like ripples
This valley glacier has bands that look like ripples. The dark bands, which include rock debris, show the glacier’s slower growth in summer. The light bands form in the winter.
Red Sea

2. How Glaciers Form and Move
How do glaciers form?
Glaciers form in places where more snow falls than melts or sublimates.

3. How Glaciers Form and Move
As the layers of snow pile up, the weight on the underlying snow increases, and glacial ice is formed.
The force of gravity pulls the ice downhill.
Like a river, a glacier flows fastest in the middle and slowest along the sides.

4. How Glaciers Form and Move
There are two types of glaciers.
A continental glacier is a thick sheet of ice that covers a huge area, such as a continent or large island.
A glacier that occurs in a high mountain valley is called a valley glacier.

5. Glacial Erosion and Deposition
What landscape features are created by glacial erosion and deposition?
Glaciers cause many distinctive features in the landscape, including cirques, horns, U-shaped valleys, and glacial lakes.
When a glacier melts, it deposits its load of sediment, creating a variety of landforms.

6. Glacial Erosion and Deposition
Though glaciers move much more slowly than rivers, they are very effective at eroding and depositing sediment. Glaciers erode rock through abrasion and plucking.
In plucking, glacial ice widens cracks in bedrock beneath the glacier. Pieces of loosened rock are then frozen to the bottom of the glacier, which carries them away.
The pieces of rock that are stuck to the bottom and sides of the glacier act like sandpaper, scraping the bedrock and soil under it and along its sides.

7. Glacial Erosion and Deposition
As a glacier moves downhill, it loosens and lifts pieces of rock from the ground underneath.
Glacial ice

8. Glacial Erosion and Deposition
Features Formed by Glacial Erosion
A glacier can carve large bowl-shaped valleys, called cirques, out of a mountainside.
If several cirques form close together, a ridge may be left between them.
If several ridges connect to form a pyramid-shaped peak, the peak is called a horn.

9. Glacial Erosion and Deposition
The distinctive landscape near Mount Robson in British Columbia, Canada, was formed by glaciers.

10. Glacial Erosion and Deposition
Glaciers also widen and deepen the valleys through which they flow.
When glaciers flow through V-shaped valleys, they widen them into U-shaped valleys.
Glacial valleys are U-shaped because the moving ice scours the entire valley.

11. Glacial Erosion and Deposition
Glaciers can carve out large U-shaped valleys, such as this one in Glacier National Park, Montana.

12. Glacial Erosion and Deposition
Unlike valley glaciers, continental glaciers tend to level large surface areas through the scraping and grinding of thick ice.
Continental glaciers can enlarge and deepen natural depressions in the surface.
These depressions then fill with water when the glaciers retreat.

13. Glacial Erosion and Deposition
Features Formed by Glacial Deposition
Glacial sediment is called till. Till is an unsorted mixture of sediment containing fragments of many sizes.
Glaciers deposit till as they melt.
The till forms moraines, mounds of sediment at the downhill end of the glacier and along its sides.

14. Wind Erosion and Deposition
What are the effects of wind erosion and deposition?
Wind erodes the land by deflation and abrasion.
Features deposited by wind include sand dunes and loess deposits.

15. Wind Erosion and Deposition
Wind can also cause erosion and deposition.
The speed of the wind determines the size of the materials it carries.
A constant, strong wind can produce a large cloud of dust or sand.

16. Wind Erosion and Deposition
Most wind erosion occurs in dry areas, such as deserts.
Wind erosion also occurs in areas where drought has caused the ground to dry out and the soil is not held in place by plants.

17. Wind Erosion and Deposition
How Wind Causes Erosion
The wind moves small particles such as sand grains in a series of leaps called saltation.
Wind lifts sand grains a short distance into the air.
Gravity pulls the grains back down to the ground, where they collide with and loosen other grains.
The result is that the sand grains leap-frog along.

18. Wind Erosion and Deposition
Wind erosion moves particles of different sizes.
Direction of Wind
Large particles pushed by wind
Sand grains moving by saltation
Dust particles suspended in wind

19. Wind Erosion and Deposition
The process of deflation occurs when wind picks up and carries away loose surface material.
Over time, the surface of the ground is lowered.
Larger rocks are left behind, forming a rocky surface that covers much of the land in dry regions.

20. Wind Erosion and Deposition
Abrasion by wind occurs in much the same way as abrasion by flowing water.
Wind blows sand against other rocks, slowly sandblasting them away and removing the weathered particles.

21. Wind Erosion and Deposition
Wind deposits sand in the form of dunes. These large sand dunes are found in the Namib Desert in Africa.

22. Wind Erosion and Deposition
Effects of Wind Deposition
When wind slows down, it drops the sediment it is carrying. Deposits formed from windblown sand are called dunes.
Over time, sand dunes can move great distances, as the wind picks up sand from the back of the dune and blows it to the front.
Sand dunes can take many different forms, depending on wind direction and how much sand is available.

23. Wind Erosion and Deposition
Deposits formed from windblown dust are called loess.
Loess consists mainly of finely ground particles.
The two major sources of loess are deserts and glacial deposits.
A dust storm can transport tons of dust for long distances. Dust from the Sahara Desert in Africa regularly blows across the Atlantic Ocean.

24. Wind Erosion and Deposition
This large dust storm blew through downtown Phoenix, Arizona, in 1999.

25. Large, bowl-shaped valleys carved by glaciers are called
Assessment Questions
Large, bowl-shaped valleys carved by glaciers are called
cirques.
horns.
moraines.
loess.

26. Large, bowl-shaped valleys carved by glaciers are called
Assessment Questions
Large, bowl-shaped valleys carved by glaciers are called
cirques.
horns.
moraines.
loess. ANS: A

27. How does wind erode land?
Assessment Questions
How does wind erode land?
plucking and abrasion
abrasion and slumping
deflation and abrasion
deflation and frost wedging

28. How does wind erode land?
Assessment Questions
How does wind erode land?
plucking and abrasion
abrasion and slumping
deflation and abrasion
deflation and frost wedging
ANS: C