1. Digital Electronics Dr. Bahawodin Baha, University of Brighton, UK.
March 2007
Digital Systems, Principles and Applications, 10th Edition
R.J Tocci, N. S. Windmer, G. L. Moss, 2007.
Applications:
Computers
Telecommunication
Automation
Medical Science and Technology
Transportation
Space Exploration
Entertainment
Home Appliances
Others

2. Course Summary Overview of Electronics
Digital Electronics Number systems, decimal, binary, hexadecimal
Combinational logic circuits
Sequential logic circuits
Computer Systems

3. Combinational Logic Systems
Course Summary (cont.)
Combinational Logic Systems
Number systems: Binary, decimal and hexadecimal conversions and calculations
Basic logic gates: AND, OR, NOT and Ex-OR
Truth tables, Boolean equations.
Combinational logic circuit design: General hierarchical logic design methodology
Minimisation using Karnaugh maps and Boolean algebra, De-Morgan’s laws.
Simulation of gates and combinational logic designs
Implementation and testing of designs using a suitable version of TTL series ICs.
Practical aspects of using logic ICs: data sheets, current and voltage characteristics, timing issues, output types, compatibility, families etc..

4. Course Summary (cont.) Sequential logic design
Flip-flops: SR, JK, D, T types, truth tables, excitation tables and device operation.
Flip-flop applications: Registers and counters (asynchronous); MSI and LSI devices
Synchronous counter and sequence generator design method

5. Course Summary (cont.) Introduction to Microprocessor Systems
Overview of computer systems architectures, a simple microprocessor-based system, the stored programme concept.
Design of a microprocessor based system
Differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers.
Brief history of microprocessors and microcontrollers.

6. Overview of Electronics
Analogue electronics
Power electronics
Physical electronics
Differences between digital and other types of electronics
Numerical Presentation

7. In 1947, Transistor was invented in Bell labs in the USA.
It was as tall as the face of wristwatch.
In November 2001, another Bell lab team has built a transistor from a single Molecule - small enough to fit about 10 million transistors on the head of a pin.

8. Numerical Representation
There is two ways to represent numerical values.
1- Analogue
In analogue representation one quantity is represented by another quantity which is directly proportional to the first quantity.
Analogue = Continuous
2- Digital
In digital representation the quantities are not represented by proportional quantities but symbols called digits. The digital representation is in discrete steps.
Digital = Discrete
Logic Level in digital representation, 0 – 0.8 logic 0 and 2 – 5 logic 1.
Voltage between 0.8 V and 2 V are unacceptable and are never used.

9. Converting decimal to binary and Converting decimal to hexadecimal
Number systems
Type of Numbers
Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
Converting decimal to binary and
Converting decimal to hexadecimal
Converting binary to hexadecimal

10. Number Systems g Decimal Binary Hexadecimal 0000 1 0001 2 0010 3 0011
Base of 10
Binary
Base 0f 2
Hexadecimal
Base of 16
0000 1
0001 2
0010 3
0011 4
0100 5
0101 6
0110 7
0111 8
1000 9
1001 10
1010 A 11
1011 B 12
1100 C 13
1101 D 14
1110 E 15
1111 F g

11. Converting Decimal to Binary
Convert Therefore, = (1000)2
LSB, Less Significant Bit
MSB, Most significant Bit
To examine
(0 X 2 0) + (0 X 2 1) + (0 X 2 2) + (1 X 2 3) = 8 decimal into binary

12. 2nd Example Convert 624 decimal into binary
624 decimal = in binary.
To examine the result
(1 X 2 4) + (1 X 2 5) + (1 X 2 6) + (1 X 2 9) = 624

13. Converting Decimal to Hex
Find the Hex equivalent of (3875)
(3875) = (F23)H
To examine
(15 X 162) + (2 X 161) + (3 X 160) = 3875

14. Converting Hex to Decimal
Convert (AF16B)16 to decimal.
(AF16B)16 = [(10 X 164) + (15 X 163) + (1 X 162) + (6 X 161) + (11 X 160)]
= ( )
= (717163)10

15. Converting Binary to Hex
To convert Binary into Hex, simply group them in four and write down the Hex equivalent for each group.
Example:
( ) 2 = (1011)2 (0011)2 = (11)10 (3)10 = B316

16. Main Points Digital Electronics use many exciting applications
Introduction to digital electronics
Number systems: Decimal, binary and hex
Converting from one number system into another

17. The End Thank you for your attention. Any questions?
Good luck and have fun!