1. ANNUITIES Sequences and Series
Consider the following sequences of numbers:
2, 4, 6, 8,
2, 4, 8, 16,
What is the mathematical difference between the two?

2. The first is called an arithmetic sequence since it can be described in the following way:
2, 2+2, 2+2+2, ...
The second is a geometric sequence since it can be described as:
2, 2×2, 2×2×2, 2×2×2×2, ...
The geometric sequence is of interest to us.

3. In general terms, the first n terms of the sequence can be described by
(In the previous example, a = 2, r = 2).

4. Example 1
a = 3, r = 2

5. Example 2

6. Example 3
$500 invested at 12% compounded annually.
500……………….$500

7. An annuity is a sequence of payments made regularly over a given time interval (eg loan repayments).
The time interval is called the term of the annuity. The regular places where repayments are made are called payment periods.

8. Payments made at the end of the payment period are called ordinary annuities.
When payments are made at the beginning of the payment period, the process is called an annuity due.
We first consider an ordinary annuity.

9. n − 1 1 2 3 4 n R R R R R R

10. It can be shown that the present value of these payments is given by
This gives the present value A of an annuity of $R per payment period for n periods at the rate r per period.

11. This formulation can be rearranged so that
which gives the periodic payment R of an annuity whose present value is A.

12. Example 4
The present value of quarterly payments of $250 for 5 years at 12% compounded quarterly is

13. Example 5
$25,000 is borrowed over 8 years. What will be the monthly repayments at 18% compounded monthly?
Monthly repayments should be $

14. If the loan is taken over 5 years, then

15. Example 6
A person wishes to borrow $5000 now and $4000 two years from now.
Both loans are to be repaid with equal monthly payments made at the end of the month for the next five years.
What is the monthly payment?
(Assume 10% compounded monthly.)

16. 1 2 3 4 5
4000
5000 R R R R R

17. Bring everything back to the present value.
Loans are presently worth

18. The present value of the repayments is given by

19. Equating the PV of the loan and payments we obtain
The monthly repayment will be $

20. Note well the discussion on page 148 of the study guide regarding avoiding rounding errors in calculations.

21. The future value of an annuity is the value of all payments at the end of the term.1 2 3 4 5
n − 3
n − 2
n − 1 n
R R R R R _ _ _ _ _ _ R R R R

22. It can be shown that the future value of an annuity of n periodic payments of $R with a rate r per period is

23. Manipulating this equation gives a formula for R.
R is the periodic payment that must be made to amount to S at the end of the term.
Investing in this way to meet some future obligation is commonly called a sinking fund.

24. Example 7
If you wish an annuity to grow to $17,000 over 5 years so that you can replace your car, what monthly deposit would be required if you could invest at 12% compounded monthly?
The monthly payment should be $

25. Example 8
An annuity consists of monthly repayments of $600 made over 20 years.
(a) What is the present value of the annuity?
(b) How much money is repaid?
(c) What is the future value of the payments?
(Assume 14% compounded monthly.)

26. Question (a)
The present value of the annuity is $48,

27. Question (b)
The amount repaid is

28. Question (c)
The future value of the annuity is $780,

29. An annuity where each payment is due at the beginning of the payment period is called an annuity due.
(ordinary)
(1) R R R R
(2) R R R R
(annuity due)

30. The second case, describing the annuity due, can be thought of as an initial payment followed by an ordinary annuity of shorter duration (one payment period shorter).
It can be shown that the present value of an annuity due is equal to
In a similar way

31. Example 9
If payments of $100 are received at the beginning of each payment period for 4 years, once a year, at a rate of 15% p.a. compounded annually, what is the present value and the future value?

32. The present value is given by
Using the formula

34. The future value is given by

35. Using the formula
In summary, treat all annuity problems as ordinary and then make the correction (multiply by 1+r) for annuities due if necessary.

36. Example 10
A company wishes to lease temporary office space for a period of 6 months.
The rental fee is $500 a month payable in advance.
Suppose that the company wants to make a lump-sum payment, at the beginning of the rental period, to cover all rental fees due over the 6-month period.
If money is worth 9% compounded monthly, how much should the payment be?

37. This is an annuity due. However, treating the problem as an ordinary annuity, the present value is given by

38. Correcting for an annuity due
A lump sum payment of $ should be made to cover the 6 month rental.

39. Example 11
A owes B the sum of $5000 and agrees to pay B the sum of $1000 at the end of each year for 5 years and a final payment at the end of the sixth year.
How much should the final payment be if interest is at 8% compounded annually?

40. This is an ordinary annuity.
The future value of the annuity is given by

41. The value of this money at the end of the sixth year is
The value of the debt $5000 six years into the future is equal to
The final payment is then

42.
5000

43. The value of the repayments after the 5th year is
5000
The value of the repayments after the 5th year is

44. At the end of the next year the money has the value of
5000
At the end of the next year the money has the value of

45. The equation of value at the end of the sixth year is
The final payment should be $

46. Example 12
In 10 years a $40,000 machine will have a salvage value of $ A new machine at that time is expected to sell for $52,000. In order to provide funds for the difference between the replacement cost and the salvage value, a sinking fund is set up into which equal payments are placed at the end of each year. If the fund earns 7% compounded annually, how much should each payment be?

47. 10
40,000
4000
52,000
-- R -- R ,000

48. Sinking fund repayments should be $3474.12.

49. Example 13
A paper company is considering the purchase of a forest that is estimated to yield an annual return of $50,000 for 10 years, after which the forest will have no value. The company wants to earn 8% on its investment and also set up a sinking fund to replace the purchase price. If money is placed in the fund at the end of each year and earns 6% compounded annually, find the price the company should pay for the forest. Give your answer to the nearest hundred dollars.

50. 50,000
8% return sinking fund repayment
Let the purchase price be x.

51. To recoup the purchase price, the repayments R must amount to x in 10 years.

52. Substitute (**) into (*).
The purchase price for the forest should be
$320,800 (nearest hundred).

53. Example 14
In order to replace a machine in the future, a company is placing equal payments into a sinking fund at the end of each year so that after 10 years the amount in the fund is $25,000. The fund earns 6% compounded annually. After 6 years, the interest rate increases and the fund pays 7% compounded annually. Because of the higher interest rate, the company decreases the amount of the remaining payments. Find the amount of the new payment. Give your answer to the nearest dollar.

54. 0.06
0.07
25,000

55. 0.06
0.07
25,000 R
13,230.08

56. The value of this money after a further 4 years at 7% is
0.06
0.07
25,000 R
13,230.08
17,341.94
The value of this money after a further 4 years at 7% is

57. Amount to be raised
This is to be done with 4 payments.
The reduced repayment should be $1725 (to the nearest dollar).