1. by: Elora Zavala and Hallesha Williams
The Eye
by: Elora Zavala
and
Hallesha Williams
Make your edits, comment, or ask questions about what I did.

2. General Facts of the Eye
Purpose: to help see what is around you.
About 1 inch in diameter
Made up of 3 layers
Outermost
Cornea
Sclera
Middle Layer
Choroid
Ciliary Body
Iris
Innermost
Retina
we should change the purpose to something that sounds smarter lol

3. Cornea
Clear, dome shaped surface that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.
Most powerful lens that has no blood vessels
Contains Five Layers
Epithelium
Anterior Elastic Lamina
Substantia Propria
Posterior Elastic Lamina
Corneal Endothemlium

4. Sclera White protective part of the eye Has Four layers Episclera
Stroma
Lamina Fusca
Endothelium

5. Choroid Layer of blood vessels between the retina and sclera
Supplies blood to retina

6. Ciliary Body Where aqueous humor is produced
Attached to lens by zonules
Also controls focus by changing the shape of the lens.

7. Iris Colored part of the eye that is surrounded by sclera
Ring of muscle fibers located behind cornea and in front of lens. Consists of two layers
Pigmented Epithelial Cells
Pigmented Fibrovascular Tissue (Stroma)
Connected to a sphincter muscle that controls dilation and contraction of pupil.
Helps protect the sensitive retina

8. Retina
Thin nerve membrane that detects light entering the eye

9. Retinal Blood Vessels
Supply blood to the retina and are visible to the eye
Located in the choroid just beneath retina

10. Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Layer of cells between the retina and choroid
Melanin in the RPE gets rid of waste products

11. Pupil The opening in the iris.
Pupil size is seen by the iris contraction or dilations.

12. Crystalline Lens Located behind the cornea, normally clear
Light passes through pupil to lens
Small muscles attached to lens

13. Vitreous Humor
Jelly like, thick liquid that fills the eye to help maintain its shape
Located between the the lens and retina
Drains back into the blood through canals of schlemm

14. Canals of Schlemm Located around the perimeter of the iris
Allows vitreous gel (or aqueous humor) to drain back into blood stream
I don’t understand this in your notes
--I just added a pic :P

15. Vitreous Cavity
The space between the lens and retina filled with gel.

16. Visual Fields Retina of each eye has two sections
Nasal Retina (Yellow)
Temporal Retina (Green)

17. Optic Nerve
The nerve at the back of the eye that carries visual information from the eye to the brain.
Blind spot comes from the optic disc located near the optic nerve.

18. Macula Near the center of the retina at the back of the eyeball.
This part of the eye gives us our 20/20 vision.

19. Fovea Indentation in the center of the macula
Is responsible for our highest visual acuity
The center of our central vision

20. Uvea Middle vascular layer of the eye Three Parts Iris Ciliary Body
Choroid

21. Zonules Hundreds of string like fibers that hold in position
Enable it to change shape for near or distant vision

22. Fluid Chambers of the Eye
Anterior Chamber
Space between cornea and iris filled with aqueous humor.
Aqueous Humor
Fluid produced in the eye
Posterior Chamber
Space between iris and lens filled with aqueous humor.

23. Muscles of the Eye Ciliary Muscle Changes the shape of the lens
Flattens lens for distance vision
Contracts for closer vision
Produces aqueous humor.
I think there is more muscles than this…
Ill look

24. Muscles of Eye cont. Muscles located OUTSIDE of the eye
Superior Rectus - rotates the eye upwards
Inferior Rectus - rotates the eye downwards
Medial Rectus - rotates the eye towards the nose
Lateral Rectus - rotates the eye towards the ear
Superior Oblique - aids in upward movement
Inferior Oblique - aids in downward movement

25. Muscles of the Eye: cont.
Gonna need more info on this
--previous slide

26. Accessory Organs Eyelashes/Eyebrows Conjunctiva
Specialized hairs that protect the eye for dust and insects
Conjunctiva
Thin, clear membrane located on the rim of bottom inner eyelids and covering front of the eye.
Cells produce mucous to help lubricate the eye
Inflammation is conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye.

27. Accessory Organs: cont.
Eye Socket
Cone shaped bone cavity that protects the eye
Padded with fatty tissue
Eyelids
Protects and lubricates the eye
Lines the inner edge of the eyelid.

28. Accessory Organs: cont.
Tarsus
Supports the eyelid skin
Gives the lid its-
Strength
Shape
Place for muscles to attach

29. Accessory Organs: cont
Lacrimal Sac
Drains tears and other debris from eye
Lacrimal Glands
Releases tears and other protective fluid onto the surface of the eye
Keeps cornea from being dehydrated

30. Accessory Organs: cont.
Visual Cortex
Part of the brain that processes and combines visual information both eyes and converts it into sight
Visual Axis
Imaginary line drawn from the center of the pupil to the center of fovea.
Fixation Point comes from the visual axis

31. Accessory Organs: cont.
Optic Chiasm
First part of the brain to receive visual input
Each eye takes a slightly different picture of the world

33. Neurons Ganglion Cells
Located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye.
Receives visual information from photoreceptors via 2 intermediate neuron types: Bipolar and Amacrine cells.
Amacrine Cells
Considered a supplement to the action of horizontal cells
Horizontal Cells
Allows eyes to adjust to the bright and dim lights around them
Bipolar Cells
Transmit signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells
Refer to picture

34. Neurons: cont. Pigment Epithelium Rods/Cons
Shields the retina from excess incoming light
Rods/Cons
AKA Photoreceptors
Found in the retina.
Convert light into signals that can stimulate biological processes.

35. Cranial Nerves (involved with sight)
Optic (II)
Sensory
Sensory fibers transmit impulses associated with sense of vision
Oculomotor (III)
Motor fibers transmit impulses to muscles that raise eyelids, move the eyes, adjust amount of light that enters the eye, and focuses the lenses

36. Cranial Nerves cont. Trochlear (IV) Opthalmic Abducens (VI)
Motor fibers transmit impulses to muscles that move the eyes
Opthalmic
Sensory fibers transmit impulses from the surfaces of the eyes, tear glands, upper eyelids, etc.
Abducens (VI)
Motor fibers transmit impulses to the muscles that move the eys

37. Visual Receptors
Visual receptor cells are a layer of rods and cones (the photoreceptor cells I mentioned earlier) that aid in visual inside of retina
Each rod or cone contains a pigment that absorbs a certain type of wavelength better than others
WHAT??!! I don’t get what you wrote
Ill change it lol
Better?
--Kinda but it seems to “chill”..

38. Refraction Makes image formation possible
When light travels through the lens it’s path is bent or refracted.
The eye itself, sees an image upside down but the signal to the brain flips it right side up.
You don’t think she will want more detail than this? Idk just a thought
--I think ill probably speak for this.. Plus I just added a bullet ^^^

39. Pigments Iodopsin Rhodopsin
a violet light-sensitive pigment in the cones of the retina of the eye that is responsible for color vision
The pigment sensitive to red light in the retinal rods of the eyes, consisting of opsin and retinene. Also called visual purple

40. Dark VS Light Vision Dark Light Rods are responsible
Only can tell between black and white shade.
Provides enhanced sensitivity
Cons are responsible
Eyes can see best in
Responsible for color and fine detail.
Goes with retina… plus I don’t understand your notes o.o

41. Convergent VS Divergent Waves
Convergent Waves
Divergent Waves
Eyes begin to look inward
AKA Crossed Eyed
Eyes begin to look outward
AKA Lazy Eye

42. Stereoscopic Vision AKA Binocular Vision
Provides information to the brain to find the depth of the visual scene which is also known as 3D sight

43. EYE SEE YOU!

44. Works Citied