1. CPL/ATP – Ground School Overview…
Subject matter to be covered…
Mathematics and Study Methods
Human Performance
Meteorology
Aircraft Technical and General
Radio Aids
Instruments
Law and Procedures
Flight Planning
Navigation and Plotting
CPL/ATP – Ground School Overview…

2. What else…. 200 hours total flying time 100 hours Pilot-in-Command
50 hours Cross-country flying
10 hours night flying
IF Rating (40 hours single engine and 50 hours twin engine)

3. Your course facilitator for this Ground School… Brand Wessels Cell:

4. Student Commentary…
Comments received from Jason Alexander (CPL course): Cellphone:
“Excellent all round knowledge – explanations simple and easy to understand”
“Very helpful methodologies”
“Would recommend it to anyone”

5. Student Commentary… Frans Pretorius Cellphone: 072-252 8832
Comments received from Frans(CPL): “Very entertaining, no spoon feeding here, worth it and money well spent, great tempo and passed 6 subjects in one sitting… ”

6. Student Commentary… Tjaart Janse van Rensburg Cellphone: 083-240 7614
Comments received from Tjaart(CPL): “Great results, very comprehensive, learnt a hell of a lot, very satisfied.”

7. Student Commentary… Ruan van Vuren Cellphone: 072-179 6902
Comments received from Ruan(CPL): “Very educational, well worth it, much better than comparable courses I tried…”

8. Student Commentary… Comments received from Sean Kenny (ATP course):
“Great pace, good discussion”
“Well informed on subject matter”
“Excellent communication process”
“Great course – thank you very much!”

9. Student Commentary…
Comments received from Martin van Eeden (ATP course):
“So I was not the only student struggling….”
“Application focused – helped me a lot.”
“Good people skills by facilitator.”
“Arranged in such a way that we could learn from each other.”

10. Course Highlights….

11. Mathematic Review….. Trigonometry a² = b² + c² - 2bc x COS A
Some triangles do not always have a 90º angle, therefore the normal trig functions do not always apply. The following formula is used to solve the RNAV questions.
Mathematic Review…..
The COSINE Rule :
a² = b² + c² - 2bc x COS A
b² = a² + c² - 2ac x COS B
c² = a² + b² - 2ab x COS C
The SIN Rule : a
SIN A b
SIN B c
SIN C = =

12. The Right Angled Triangle
Trigonometric functions are commonly defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle containing the angle
The Right Angled Triangle

13. Example:
At 1205, aircraft A and B are 75 nm's apart and are on a collision course. Aircraft A 330 Kts. Aircraft B 360 Kts. The relative bearing from A to B is 075. What angle needs to be closed by aircraft B to intercept aircraft A?
SIN B =
SIN B =
0.885
SIN B =
B = º

14. An Equation is like a balance scale
An Equation is like a balance scale. Everything must be equal on both sides. = 10
5 + 5

15. Cross Multiplication a² - b² = c²
Moving the variable around in a function, until the unknown variable is isolated.
Example: In a² = b² + c², if we have to solve for c we have to isolate it on one side of the equal sign.
Important: What you do on one side of the equation has to be done on the other side.
Thus: a² = b² + c² - b² leaves c² isolated, but then we have to subtract b² on the left side of the equation as well:
a² - b² = c²

16. Percents Have Equivalents in Decimals and Fractions
Simplified
Percent
Decimal
Fraction
20%
.20 20
100 1 5 = = =

17. Included %
When asked to work out the % of reserve fuel when it’s already included in the total given, care must be taken with the mathematics:
Example:
We have Lt of fuel which include 15% reserve – how much fuel do we have available without using the reserve fuel?
If we started with Lt and then had to add 15% reserve it means:
x 15% = = Lt total fuel.
To reverse the calculation (how much fuel do we have without the 15%), we have to divide the total with 1.15.
Or ÷ 1.15 = Lt

18. Interpolation:
1. to insert between or among others 2. to change by putting in new material 3. to estimate a missing value by taking an average of known values at neighboring points

19. Interpolate one series at a time:
PALT
AUW LBS
15 500
1268 – 1237 = 31/2000 X 1500 = 2,25 (+1237)
= 1260
1260
1260 – 1115 = 124/2000 X 750 = 54,37 (+1115)
= 1169
AUW LBS
1169
AUW LBS
1115
1120 – 1098 = 22/2000 X 1500 = 16,5 (+1098) =

20. Two aircraft flying at the same Flight Level, Aircraft A has a Mach Number of and a TAS of 500 Knots, Aircraft B has a Mach Number of At what Flight Level are the aircraft flying and what is the TAS of aircraft B?

21. 1 In 60 Rule. Distance Off Track Error = 60 Distance To Go
A VOR DME defines the centre of an airway 10 Nautical Miles wide. An aircraft at distance 180 Nautical Miles has a two dot fly right indication on a 5 dot CDI. What is the distance from the airway?.
Distance Off
Track Error = 60
Distance To Go 4°
Distance Off =
A ) Distance from centre = 12 NM
B ) Distance from boundary = 7 NM 60
180 NM
720 =
Distance Off 60 =
12 NM
5 Nautical Miles
180 NM 4°
GGV
5 Nautical Miles

22. DME Calculations. Using Pythagoras C² = A² + B² C A B
An aircraft at FL 410 has a DME range of 14 NM. What is the ground range
From the DME station.
Using Pythagoras
C² = A² + B²
The maximum error is when the aircraft is close to the DME and high altitude.
( 14 ) ² =
( \ 6080 ) ² +
B ² =
B ²
B = NM C
14 NM DME Slant Line Range. A
FL410.
Ground Range. B
VOR DME JSV.

23. Problem Solving is easy if you follow these steps
Understand
the
problem

24. Step 1 – Understand the problem
Read the problem carefully.
Find the important information.
Write down the numbers.
Identify what the problem wants you to solve.
Ask if your answer is going to be a larger or smaller number compared to what you already know.

25. Step 2 - Decide how you’re going to solve the problem Choose a method
Use a graph Use formulas
Write an equation Make a list
Find a pattern Work backwards
Use reasoning Draw a picture
Make a table Act it out

26. Step 3 - Solve the problem
Example:

27. Step 4 - Look Back & Check Reread the problem Substitute your new number Did your new number work?

28. Push this button just before you choose a 2nd function button
Trig Example: You are taking off from a runway, with a hill 300’ high, 6000’ from the threshold. What angle of climb must you maintain to clear the hill?
tan x = y/x
And y=300’ and x=6000’
Tan x = 0.05
Divide by tan same as inverse (or cot, or tanˉ¹)
Thus x = 2,86º
Know your calculator!
Push this button just before you choose a 2nd function button
Inverse Button
Force of 3
Force of 2
10 to the force …
Square Root
Brackets
Degree, minutes, seconds – also hours, minutes, seconds
% Button

30. Study Methods Mind Maps Memory Training How to create Summaries
Time Management
Study Tips
Habits to Acquire

31. Mind Mapping….

32. Study Methods

33. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People
Habit 1: Be Proactive
Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind
Habit 3: Put First Things First
Habit 4: Think Win-Win
Habit 5: Seek First to Understand, then to be Understood
Habit 6: Synergize
Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw

34. The Time Management Quadrant2 1
URGENT
NOT URGENT
Preparation
Prevention
Values clarification
Planning
Relationship building
Empowerment
IMPORTANT
Crises
Pressing Problems
Deadline driven projects, meetings, preparations
Interruptions, phone calls
Some mail, some reports
Some meetings
Many popular activities
NOT IMPORTANT
Trivia, busywork
Some telephone calls
Time wasters
“Escape” activities
Excessive TV 3 4

35. Cardio-respiratory System -The Lungs and the transport of Oxygen
Air enters through the nose and mouth and passes down the trachea to the bronchial tree.
Human Performance…

36. When you inhale, air is drawn into the lungs due to a reduction in pressure inside the chest. This reduction in pressure can be ascribed to the outward movement of the chest wall and the downward movement of the diaphragm.
When exhaling the air is expelled from the lungs by the generally passive process of muscular relaxation allowing the chest wall to fall and the diaphragm to relax.
The ever dividing passageways in your lungs terminate at the alveoli (very fine sac-like structures) where the blood in the alveolar capillaries is brought into very close proximity with oxygen molecules.
Under the influence of a pressure gradient, oxygen diffuses across the capillary membrane from the alveolar sac into the blood. From there it is taken up by the protein molecule hemoglobin for transport around the body.
Breathing provides an exchange of respiratory gases between the environment and the blood. The rate and depth of breathing are adjusted to meet the enormous changes in the consumption of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide.

38. Meteorology….

39. Most cloud and precipitation here
The Atmosphere
Most cloud and precipitation here
Most flying here..

40. Position of Jet Streams

43. Types of Airframe Icing
Glazed/Clear/Rain ice
Hoar Frost
Rime Ice
Most dangerous type of ice!

44. LOCAL WINDS CLOUD INDICATING WIND
Caused by steep pressure gradients when the anti-cyclone flow of air from a high pressure system to the south west of the country
LOCAL WINDS
The sudden dramatic change of this south westerly wind, which replaces the prevailing north easter is a common feature of the Buster.
CLOUD INDICATING WIND
During the summer months there is frequently a strong south easterly wind prevalent over the Cape Peninsula.
When the South Easterly winds are forced to rise up over Table Mountain, the famous "table cloth" cloud forms –
The descending air on the other side of the mountain is warmed, and any moisture present is absorbed by the air as water vapour.
Both sides of the mountain will be clear of cloud, while the summit is cloud covered.

45. Cloud Classification
Stratus (St). Layered clouds that form in stable air near the surface due to cooling from below
Cumulus (Cu). Cumulus clouds form when convective currents from the earths radiation exist. They usually have flat bottoms, and dome shaped tops

46. Aircraft Technical and General

47. The Main Flight Controls in Action…

48. Critical engine

50. Engine overview

52. Relative Wind

54. Fuel Injection
Each Cylinder provided with correct mixture from individual fuel lines.
Advantages:
Free from evaporation ice.
More uniform fuel delivery.
Improved fuel/air ratio control

55. Crankshaft
Pistons
To Propeller

56. Turbo Charging

57. Gas Turbine Engines
turbine
Compressor

58. The Turbo prop

59. Radio Aids…

60. Signal Characteristics
The ADF
Relative bearing information can be displayed on either a RMI (radio magnetic indicator) or on the older RBI (relative bearing indicator). The difference between the two indicators is that the RBI does not display compass heading information but remains on a constant heading as selected by the pilot.
RMI
RBI
Signal Characteristics
NDB's transmit vertically polarised signals in the medium freqency (MF) band.
The signal is radiated equally in all directions and aircraft equipped with receiving equipment (ADF) can measure the direction of the incoming waves.

61. ADF Interception Calculations.
An aircraft heading 040° M has an ADF reading of 060° Relative from an NDB. ATC instructs the pilot to Intercept the NDB 120° QDM at an angle of 050°. Calculate the Intercept Heading, the change in aircraft heading and the Relative Bearing of the NDB.
Magnetic Heading
040° +
Relative Bearing
060°
120 Intercept TRK
QDM
100°
070 °
A ) Intercept Heading
50°
120° Intercept QDM -
50° Angle
= 070 °
100°QDM
B ) Change In Aircraft Heading
AC Heading 040° Went To 070° = 30° Right
C ) Relative Bearing Of NDB
50°
Station.

62. The area between the limit of the surface wave and the point of reception of the first sky wave, is termed dead space
Surface Wave
Sky wave
1st Sky Return
Dead Space
Skip Distance
The distance between the transmitter and the point on the surface where the first sky wave return arrives is called the skip distance

63. Amplitude Modulation (AM).
Amplitude modulation may be used to transmit coded messages at audio frequencies (AF) or to transmit speech and music. The audio signal gets impressed on the radio frequency by changing the amplitude of the Carrier wave (CW). This change in amplitude is carried out by morphing the carrier wave to the audio signal. During this process the frequency remains constant.
Where the audio wave is positive the amplitude is increased.
Where the audio wave is negative the amplitude is decreased.
Resultant Wave
Carrier Wave (A)
Audio Wave (B)
Amplitude of A X 100
Amplitude of B
This is a measure of the modulation depth, which is a percentage measurement of the degree to which the wave is modulated. It is the ratio:

64. Maximum Theoretical Range Calculation.
If an aircraft ( RX ) is at FL 100 what is the maximum range that the signal can be received from a transmitter ( TX ) a 100 feet high?

65. Primary Radar. S X T Range = 2 Antenna. Beam Out TX Beam Return RX

66. Instruments……
The DRMC is in essence a compass card with numeric directions, on a freely suspended bar magnet

67. Airspeed Indicator (ASI) Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
Altimeter
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
Pitot –Static Probe
Static Pressure Line
Pitot Pressure Line
Drain

68. Airspeed Indicator ( ASI ) Colour Coding
Vso
Stall speed in the
landing config
Vne
Velocity never
exceeded
Vs1
Stall speed
clean
Yellow Arc
Cautionary speed
band. In still air
only
White Arc
Flap operating
band
Vno
Maximum normal
operating speed
Vfe
Maximum
flap extended
speed
Green Arc
Normal operating
speed band

69. Pressure Altimeter Construction
Sealed Case
Static Vent
Altimeter Scale
Capsule
Linkages
Static Port
Pointer
Baro Correction
Static pressure is measured at the Static port.
As the aircraft climbs the Static pressure decreases and the capsule expands.
This expansion shows an increase in altitude.
As the aircraft descends the Static pressure increases and the capsule will contract.
This contraction shows a decrease in altitude.
The Baro correction is used to compensate for any deviation in ISA conditions.

70. Fluxvalve Theory
In order to overcome the problems associated with the placing of the compass on the aircraft, the magnets could be placed outside of the cockpit, in an area where they where least affected. The problem now however would be how the pilot would see the instrument. One solution would be to convert the magnetic field (flux), into electric energy which could be interpreted by cockpit instrumentation as heading references. This is the role of the fluxvalve.
If instead of using a magnet, a highly permeable soft metal bar is fixed to an aircraft from fore to aft, and the aircraft is placed within the earths magnetic field, the bar will itself will acquire flux (become magnetized). The degree to which this flux will develop depends upon two factors:
The latitude of the aircraft
The position of the bar in relation to the meridians of the magnetic field
Detect the Magnetic Field and convert to electrical current.
Electrical current interpreted by instrumentation, and represents a magnetic heading.
"Whenever there is a change of flux linked with a circuit, an Electromagnetic Field is induced in the circuit."

71. Flight Director Indicator
Attitude Indicator
The aircraft's attitude relative to the natural horizon is shown by the aircraft symbol (A) and flight command bars (B).
The horizon bar is carried on a flexible tape with the upper and lower sections coloured to represent the sky and ground. It also has to indicate the pitch angles.
The roll angle is displayed by a pointer (D) that rotates with the flexible tape and is referenced against a fixed scale. (Freedom of movement for the flexible tape is: Pitch ± 90° and Roll 360°)
Pitch and Bank Commands
When armed the Pitch and Bank Commands provide the pilot with “Fly to commands”. A B
Horizon Bar D
ATTITUDE : Climb and Left Bank
Command Bars
Decision Height
Glide Slope
AoA
Turn and Slip Indicator
Flight Director Indicator

72. Mach Meter Calculations
Calculate the altitude in ISA where a TAS of 465 Knots equals a Mach Number of 0.80.
Flight Level = -35.5°C
FL 252 or Feet
-35.5°c
35.5 degree temperature Drop
Total Drop 50.5°celcius
Flight Level = 50.5°C / x
0°c
15 degree temperature Drop
15°c
Sea Level

73. Procedures
“A series of predetermined maneuvers by reference to flight instruments, with specified protection from obstacles, from the initial approach fix (or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route) to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing cannot be completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance limits apply.”

74. The “Plate” The Heading Section The approach Plan View Section
The approach Profile View Section
The Landing Minima Section
The “Plate”

75. Standard Holding Pattern Terminology
Holding Side
Abeam Position
Inbound Turn
Outbound Leg
Inbound Leg
Holding Fix
Fix End
Holding Course
Outbound Turn
Non-Holding Side
4 min below ’
5min above ’

76. 1 minute (CAT A & B aircraft)
The Procedure Turn Approach (45/180)
30°
1 – 3 minutes
45°
1 minute (CAT A & B aircraft)
1 minute 15 seconds (CAT C, D & E aircraft)
Inbound Track
180°
A timed outbound track from the facility, followed by,
A 45 turn away from the outbound track (for a given time), followed by,
A turn through 180 in the opposite direction to intercept the inbound track.

77. Sector 1 – Parallel Entry
The sector 1 (parallel) entry, is carried out as follows:
On arrival overhead the beacon, the aircraft is turned onto the outbound heading (to fly parallel to the inbound track), for the necessary period of time.
The aircraft is turned to the left, into the holding side of the pattern, to intercept the inbound track or fly directly to the beacon (as shown).
On arrival overhead the beacon a second time, the aircraft is turned to the right to follow the holding pattern.
Turn to the left
Aircraft turns onto outbound heading

78. CAR’s – Civil Aviation Regulations
Part 1: Definitions
Part 11: CARCOM, exemptions, changes to regulators
Part 12: Accidents and Incidents
Part 61: Pilot Licensing
Part 64: Cabin Crew
Part 67: Medical certification
Part 91: General Operating and Flight Rules
Part 121: Air Transport - Large Aeroplanes (> 5 700kg)
Part 127: Air Transport – Helicopters
Part 135: Air Transport – Small Aeroplanes (<5 700kg)
Used to be called ANR’s….

80. Johannesburg Airspace…

81. Flight Planning…

82. The Planning Process… 2 3 8 1 7 4 6 5

83. Runway Construction 03 21 Displaced Threshold 400 meters 600 meters
210 feet
310 feet
Runway
100 meters 03 21
50 meters
Stopway
2000 meters
Stopway
150 m
Clearway
Clearway

84. Unit of Measure Conversion
1 lt water = 1kg
1IG = 10lbs
1IG = 1,2USG
1kg = 2.2lbs
1ft = 0.3m
1m = 3.28ft
1IG = 4,54lt
1USG = 8.33lbs
1sm = 1,6km
1” = 2,5cm
1m = 100cm
1nm = 1,15sm
1nm = 1,85km
1ft = 12”
1USG = 3,78lt
1lt = 0,26USG
1nm = 6080’
1sm = 5280’
1km = 3280’

85. LEMAC or % MAC Introduction: MAC DATUM CG (A ) DIFF ( B ) MAC ( D )
Another way of expressing the position of the CG is as a percentage Mean Aerodynamic Chord or % MAC.
The chord line is the straight line joining the leading edge and the trailing edge of an aerofoil.
On a tapered wing the average length of the chord is calculated and termed the Mean Aerodynamic Chord or MAC.
When working with MAC use a drawing to solve any questions that can be asked.
DATUM
CG (A )
DIFF ( B )
LEMAC ( C )
MAC ( D )
MAC

86. LEMAC Example No 1. DATUM CG is 412 inches DIFF 88 inches
An aircraft has a MAC of 162 inches. The LEMAC is at FS 324. The CG is 412 inches aft of the datum. What is the CG expressed as a percentage MAC?
DATUM
CG is 412 inches
DIFF 88 inches
LEMAC is 324 inches
MAC is 162 inches

87. Basic Point of Equal Time ( PET )
Example No 1
The track from point A to point B is 078°. TAS is 176 Kts. Distance from A to B is 843 nautical miles. W/V 120/40. What is the time to the PET?
Time =
Time
204 Kts
144 Kts
GSR
GSO
Destination B
Departure A
PET

88. Calculate TODR… Question: OAT = 15ºC PAlt 4800’ Weight = 11300lbs
TWC = 5kts
50’ obstacle to clear.
Calculate TODR…
5-34
If Airfield Elevation is given, calculate PAlt before entering the graph…
Note: When asked for “take-off distance”, move up-slope…
Answer: 4100’
When asked for “take-off ground roll”, move horisontal…

89. Northern Hemisphere Summer Southern Hemisphere Summer
Navigation….
Southern Hemisphere Summer

90. Time Zones

91. Meridians of longitude are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole and are at right angles to the equator. The "Prime Meridian" which passes through Greenwich, England, is used as the zero line from which measurements are made in degrees east and west to 180°.
The equator is an imaginary circle equidistant from the poles of the earth. Circles parallel to the equator (lines running east and west) are parallels of latitude. They are used to measure degrees of latitude north or south of the equator. The angular distance from the equator to the pole is one-fourth of a circle, or 90°. Thus latitude would run from 90° North to 90° South of the equator.
Any specific geographical point can thus be located by reference to its longitude and latitude.

93. Convergency = Dlong x sin Mid Lat
Conversion Angle = Convergency 2
Convergency = 2 x the Conversion Angle

94. 1 in 60 Rule

95. What do you need?

96. What to expect in the Navigation Plotting Exam..
Heading and Speed Determination
Position Determination
Air Plot Wind Determination
Track Plot Wind Determination
Track Correction

97. Personal Development We will cover…. Attitude Curriculum Vitae
Body Language
Interview Skills
Dress Code
Company Research

98. Attitude
Life and flying has one important factor in common – attitude determines altitude!!
Attitude is more important than education, money, failures and successes, appearances, giftedness and skill.
Bottom line – if you say you can you are right. If you say you can not you are also right.

99. What is Attitude?
Attitude is the way we communicate our thinking to other people.
Our attitude is reflected in the way we talk, walk, sit, eat, sleep, drive a car – and indeed in flying an aircraft.

100. Know this…
Our attitude is the strongest element of our lives that requires our control
Our attitude affects others
Attitudes can be changed

101. Make The Call !!
After you send a resume or an introductory letter, always make a follow-up call. Remember, it's the conversation that gets you the interview. Here's how to get on the phone and into the interview process.
Never call human resources or an in-house recruiter. These people have no vested interest in talking with you. In fact, they don't want to talk to you. You'll only foul up their process. If you want to get hired, you need to talk with an actual hiring manager. If that's a midlevel project supervisor or the Operations Director, so be it.

102. Your attitude will make or break you as a student!