1. Ice Worlds, Pluto and Beyond
Unit 46
Ice Worlds, Pluto and Beyond
Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. SO what is beyond Neptune?
According to the International Astronomical Union this is this ends the Major planets.
SO what is beyond Neptune?

3. Something called: Trans –Neptunian Objects
Beyond Neptune
Something called: Trans –Neptunian Objects
These objects (known as TNO) are nearly the same size as Pluto and are beyond Neptune's orbit

4. Pluto
Pluto
It was predicted by Percival Lowell, based on perturbation theory, but later discovered by Clyde Tombaugh ( /17/1997) (the first planet found by an American) in 1930 by a fortunate accident.

5. Pluto
From its discovery in 1930 until 2006, Pluto was classified as a planet.
In the late 1970s, following the discovery of minor planet 2060 Chiron in the outer Solar System and the recognition of Pluto's relatively low mass, its status as a major planet began to be questioned.

6. Pluto
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, while searching for more TNO, Mike Brown discovered in the outer Solar System, an object which he finally called: Eris in 2005, which is 27% more massive than Pluto.
Never again will Pluto be the ninth planet, or the littlest planet, or the most distant planet.
Dr. Mike Brown, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, Calif., associate professor of planetary astronomy and leader of the research team

7. On the International Astronomical Union (IAU) on August 24, 2006, limiting the number to eight and defines "planet“

8. PLANET: a celestial body that, within the Solar System,
is in orbit (path of one object around a point or another point) around the Sun;
has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces (is an idealization of a solid body of finite size in which deformation is neglected. In other words, the distance between any two given points of a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces exerted on it.) so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape; and
has cleared the neighbourhood (of its own orbital zone, meaning it has become gravitationally dominant, and there are no other bodies of comparable size other than its own satellites or those otherwise under its gravitational influence) around its orbit; or

9. PLANET: or within another system,
is in orbit around a star or stellar remnants;
has a mass below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium; and
is above the minimum mass/size requirement for planetary status in the Solar System.

10. Pluto
Pluto, considered a planet for 76 years, was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.
On August 24, 2006, The International Astronomical Union (IAU), the officially defines a "dwarf planet”

11. Dwarf planet:
a celestial body that, within the Solar System,
is in orbit around the Sun;
has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape;
has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit; and
is not a satellite
The term "dwarf planet" applies only to objects in the Solar System. and is quite distinct from "planet" and "small solar system body".

12. Pluto
After the reclassification, Pluto was added to the list of minor planets and given the number 
A number of scientists hold that Pluto should continue to be classified as a planet, and that other dwarf planets should be added to the roster of planets along with Pluto

13. Trans-Neptunian Objects
DWARF PLANETS
Plutinos are bodies that orbit the Sun at more or less the same distance as Pluto

14. Trans-Neptunian Objects
Plutinos are small icy bodies orbiting the Sun beyond called Trans-Neptunian Objects, or TNOs
More than 100 have been found to date!

15. Rotation: 6 days/ 9 hrs/ 18 min (RETROGRADE)
Pluto
Pluto
Rotation: 6 days/ 9 hrs/ 18 min (RETROGRADE)
Revolves: 248 years
distance: AU miles
Gravity: .06
Tilt 50°
Incline: 17.2
MASS: 1.27e22 kg

16. More resembles the moon Triton
Pluto
Pluto
SIZE: 1413 miles
Comp:
More resembles the moon Triton
Pluto's bulk density is 2,100 kg/m3, similar to Callisto‘s
Pluto is a mix of water ice, rock, methane and frozen nitrogen.

17. Pluto is a mix of water ice, rock, methane and frozen nitrogen.

18. Pluto orbit is very eccentric

19. Pluto
From an aerial view, it appears that Pluto crosses the orbit of Neptune.
Neptune’s
orbit

20. Pluto
But as you can see from a side view, Pluto DOES NOT cross the orbit of Neptune.

21. When Pluto is within Neptune’s orbit, it has an atmosphere!
As the planet moves further out in to the solar system, the atmosphere snows out onto the surface.
Pluto’s Atmosphere

22. Little is known about Pluto's atmosphere, but it probably consists primarily of nitrogen with some carbon monoxide and methane.
It is extremely tenuous, the surface pressure being only a few microbars.
Pluto’s Atmosphere

23. Pluto's atmosphere may exist as a gas only when Pluto is near its perihelion; for the majority of Pluto's long year, the atmospheric gases are frozen into ice.
Pluto’s Atmosphere

24. Near perihelion, it is likely that some of the atmosphere escapes to space perhaps even interacting with its moons.
Pluto’s Atmosphere

25. Formation of Pluto's moons. 1: a TNO object nears Pluto;

26. Formation of Pluto's moons. 2: the KBO impacts Pluto;

27. Formation of Pluto's moons. 3: a dust ring forms around Pluto;

28. Formation of Pluto's moons. 4: the debris aggregates to form Charon;

29. Formation of Pluto's moons.
5: Pluto and Charon relax into spherical bodies.

30. Rotation, Rev, Distance, all the same as Pluto
Pluto’s Moons
Charon
The innermost moon,
Was discovered by James Christy on June 22, 1978, nearly half a century after Pluto.
Size: 749 miles
Rotation, Rev, Distance, all the same as Pluto

31. Rotation: 6 days/ 9 hrs/ 18 min (RETROGRADE)
Pluto’s Moons
Charon
Rotation: 6 days/ 9 hrs/ 18 min (RETROGRADE)
Revolves: 248 years
distance: AU miles
Tilt 50°
Incline: 17.2
Almost like a double planet system

32. Pluto’s Moons
Charon
Pluto and its largest moon Charon would fit comfortably within the United States.

33. Pluto’s Moons
Charon
Charon orbits Pluto at a steep angle to the ecliptic, and Pluto’s axis is heavily tipped as well

34. Pluto’s Moons
OTHER moons of PLUTO
Two outer moons were imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope Pluto Companion Search Team in May 2005.
With the orbits confirmed, the moons have been given definitive names: Hydra (Pluto III, formerly S/2005 P 1) and Nix (Pluto II, formerly S/2005 P 2).

35. Further Hubble observations were made in February and March 2006.
OTHER
Further Hubble observations were made in February and March 2006.
The possibility of rings where created by impacts on the smaller moons scientist think.
Pluto’s Moons

36. The fourth moon was announced in July 2011. Currently called P4
Pluto’s Moons
OTHER moons of PLUTO
The fourth moon was announced in July 2011.
Currently called P4

37. A fifth moon was discovered in July 2012.
Pluto’s Moons
OTHER moons of PLUTO
A fifth moon was discovered in July 2012.

38. Pluto is the only planet in the solar system that we have not visited.
However that is soon to change.

39. 2015 New Horizon spacecraft will do a Pluto Flyby

40. 13 years trip gets there about July2015
Pluto
New Horizon
~45000mph (12mi/sec)
NY to LA in 3½ min
Pass Jupiter 13 months
13 years trip gets there about July2015

41. The probe will record the freezing of the atmosphere.
Pluto
NASA probe, New Horizon, is planning to arrive at Pluto while the atmosphere is still unfrozen.
The probe will record the freezing of the atmosphere.  

42. Beyond Neptune
Most TNOs, like Pluto, come from an area that is just beyond Neptune called the

43. Beyond Neptune

44. Trans-Neptunian Objects
OTHERS
Haumea
Makemake
Let us LOOK at TNO’s

45. Trans-Neptunian Objects
More than 130 have been discovered, one of them larger than Pluto!
Other new member of "dwarf planet" are Eris and Ceres.

46. Trans-Neptunian Objects
Here is a picture of
Ceres, Pluto, and Eris

47. Trans-Neptunian Objects
Not the typical asteroid… This one is ROUND .

48. Trans-Neptunian Objects
Ceres
Ceres was discovered on Jan 01, 1801 by Guiseppe Piazzi.
Ceres has not yet been seen up close but NASA's Dawn spacecraft will visit it in 2015

49. Trans-Neptunian Objects
Ceres
The largest of the asteroids
ITS ROUND
The smallest of the dwarf planets.
Orbit: mile from the Sun (average)
Diameter: 590 miles

50. Trans-Neptunian Objects
ERIS (2003 UB313)
Eris was first found by Mike Brown and his team in 2003.
It was not until 2005 that Eris was identified as another possible planet in our solar system.

51. Trans-Neptunian Objects
ERIS (2003 UB313)
Is the largest known dwarf planet in our solar system.
It is a little larger than Pluto. Eris is about 1491 miles (2400 Km) wide.

52. Trans-Neptunian Objects
ERIS (2003 UB313)
Observations have led scientists to believe it has frozen methane on its surface.
Eris appears gray in color.

53. Trans-Neptunian Objects
ERIS (2003 UB313)
Eris was the most distant member of our solar system.
It is 3 times farther out than Pluto. One trip around the Sun takes 557 Earth years for Eris.

54. Trans-Neptunian Objects
ERIS (2003 UB313)
Eris is the most distant member of our solar system known at this time.
It is 3 times farther out than Pluto. One trip around the Sun takes 557 Earth years for Eris.

55. Trans-Neptunian Objects
ERIS
Dysnomia is the only moon of Eris that we now know about

56. Trans-Neptunian Objects
SEDNA
Very far far away--farther than Pluto is another Dwarf Planet.
8 billion miles away.
Sedna will be at its closest approach, about 72 years from now and then it will beginning its 10,500-year trip back to the far reaches of the solar system.

57. Trans-Neptunian Objects
SEDNA
The last time Sedna (the red dot) was this close to the sun, Earth was just coming out of the last ice age.
The next time it comes back, the world might again be a completely different place.

58. Trans-Neptunian Objects
SEDNA
Include its size and reddish color.
After Mars, it is the second reddest object in the solar system.
It is estimated Sedna is approximately 3/4 the size of Pluto

59. Trans-Neptunian Objects
SEDNA
Coldest known region of our solar system, where temperatures never rise above -240° Celsius (-400°F)

60. Trans-Neptunian Objects
OTHERS
Haumea with its moons, Hiʻiaka and Namaka
Haumea - A New Birth in Consciousness (pronounced how-MAY-ah)
discovered on Dec 28, 2004 by Mike Brown

61. Trans-Neptunian Objects
OTHERS (136472)
Makemake (previously known as 2005 FY9
In Search of the Golden Egg (pronounced
MAH-keh MAH-keh
- "e" is pronounced "ay" in Polynesian)
Discovered on March 31, 2005 by Mike Brown

62. Trans-Neptunian Objects
OTHERS
Quaoar (pronounced kwah-whar)
name given to the "creation force“
Discovered by Mike Brown and Chad Trujillo in a digital image taken on June 4, 2002

63. Trans-Neptunian Objects
OTHERS
Quaoar is about 746 miles in diameter--about one-tenth the diameter of Earth, about half the size of Pluto, and larger than the four primary asteroids combined.

64. Trans-Neptunian Objects
OTHERS
Quaoar has an orbital period of 288 years
Orbiting the sun in a near perfect circle

65. Trans-Neptunian Objects
OTHERS
Orcus - Oath of the Soul
Discovered on Feb 19, 2004 by Mike Brown
Bit smaller than Pluto, Orcus has a nearly identical orbital size, orbital period (year), and orbital inclination, and it has a moon like Pluto.

66. Trans-Neptunian Objects
OTHERS
However, Orcus' orbital plane's orientation in our solar system is tilted in the opposite direction from Pluto's. Orcus is clearly Pluto's compliment.

67. Trans-Neptunian Objects
OTHERS
Orcus's 247 year orbit is shaped similarly to Pluto's (both have perihelia above the ecliptic), but is differently oriented.
Orcus is sometimes described as the "anti-Pluto".

68. Oort Cloud
SO what is next?
Comets also are cosmic debris, probably planetesimals that originally resided in the vicinity of the orbits of Uranus and Neptune rather than in the warmer regions of the asteroid belt.
Thus, the nuclei of comets are icy balls of frozen water, methane, and ammonia, mixed with small pieces of rock and dust, rather than the largely volatile-free stones and irons that typify asteroids.

69. Oort Cloud
SO…
In the most popular theory, icy planetesimals in the primitive solar nebula that wandered close to Uranus or Neptune but not close enough to be captured by them were flung to great distances from the Sun, some to be lost from the solar system while others populated what was to become a great cloud of cometary bodies, perhaps 10 trillion in number.
Such a cloud was first hypothesized by the Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort.

70. Oort Cloud In 1950. Dr. Jan Oort noticed that:
 No comet has been observed with an orbit that indicates that it came from interstellar space
 There is a strong tendency for aphelia of long period comet orbits to lie at a distance of about 50,000 AU
 There is no preferential direction from which comets come

71. THE END