1. “TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE INTERNET”BY
SUMANA SHARMA

2. TELECOMMUNICATION IN ORGANIZATIONS!
The whole world is within your reach!

3. SIMPLIFYING THE JARGON!
Telecommunications refers to the transmission of information (voice,data,pictures,video,sound) from one point to another over a network.
Bandwidth is the data carrying capacity of the network. Greater the bandwidth,faster is the speed of data transmission!

4. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS
e Mail or Electronic mail
Internet relay chat or instant messaging
Newsgroups
Mailing lists
Fax
Voice mail
Video conferencing

5. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS
e Commerce or Electronic commerce
Electronic data interchange(EDI)
Telecommuting
Electronic funds transfer
Distance learning
Telemedicine

6. COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER NETWORK
Sender or a Transmitter
Receiver
Transmission media
Protocols or rules

7. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
REAL TIME
Instant messaging, video conferencing
NON REAL TIME
E mail, voice mail.

8. HOW DO COMPUTERS COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER?
Computers talk in Binary Language.
They use different combinations of the digits 0 and 1 to express all that they want to say!
If we wish to communicate with a computer we would need to translate!
The process of translation is called “digitization”

9. COMPUTING – HOW COMPUTERS PERFORM TASKS?
Centralized computing
Distributed computing
Collaborative computing

10. TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE OR PBX
While at work, majority of the telephone calls made by employees are for intra-company communication!
It is feasible for medium to large businesses to have their own telephone exchange.

11. LOCAL AREA NETWORK
A group of computers and other devices in a relatively limited area (such as a single building) that are connected by a communications link
enables every device to interact with any other device on the network

12. CAMPUS AREA NETWORK
An interconnection of local-area networks within a limited geographical space, such as a school campus or a military base.

13. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
A system of interconnected computers encompassing a large geographic range, including cities, states, or countries

14. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
A data communications network that
covers an area larger than a campus area network and smaller than a wide area network,
interconnects two or more LANs, and
usually covers an entire metropolitan area, such as a large city and its suburbs.

15. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
Network in which all devices are distributed locally around an individual person (range is from m).
These different devices are capable of communicating with each other!

16. GLOBAL AREA NETWORK
An international network that spans all departments, offices, and subsidiaries of the corporation.

17. ENTERPRISE NETWORK
A term coined by IBM to describe a private network, linking sites within a company.

18. VALUE ADDED NETWORK
This is is a privately owned, or proprietary network.
A company that acts as a clearinghouse for electronic transactions between trading partners

19. INTERNET INTERNET IS NOTHING BUT A NETWORK OF NETWORKS!!
Born when DoD started a project called Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)
Goal was to develop a decentralized system that could withstand an enemy attack.
UCLA, SRI, UCSB, and Utah were the first four nodes.

20. INTERNET RELIES ON PACKET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGIES
A huge amount of data can be split into smaller chunks and then sent across the transmission medium.
At the receiving end all the chunks are put together to retrieve the original data.
Very efficient technology that makes best use of available bandwidth!

21. HOW DO NETWORKS TALK TO EACH OTHER?
Using TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol).
TCP deals with breaking a large piece of data into manageable chunks. These tiny packets of data are called datagrams.
IP deals with attaching an address label over them so that that they can reach the desired destination.

22. ROUTERS- A MEANS OF CONNECTING TWO NETWORKS
High speed device capable of relaying data from one network to another.

23. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB OR WWW
Internet is a network of networks while the world wide web is a collection of documents(web pages) that are held on and sent through the internet

24. IP ADDRESSES AND DOMAIN NAMES
The internet is a massive computer network comprising of millions of computers.
Each computer has a unique address associated with it.
This is called an IP address. For example: is an IP address.
This Numeric address can be mapped to a name (web address) for ease of remembering.

25. DOMAIN NAME OR URL (UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR)
Domain name is an alias for the “difficult to remember” IP address.
Example :
Web
Educational institutions
Domain name

26. ROLE OF ICANN IN MANAGING IP TO DOMAIN NAME MAPPING
ICANN (Internet corporation for assigned names and numbers) manages the exhaustive database consisting of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses and vice versa.

27. WORLD WIDE WEB
A web browser provides an easy-to-use interface for accessing the information on the World Wide Web.
Hypertext documents contains information and hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks are links to other related documents.
Web pages are written in HTML (Hyper text mark up language)

28. INTERNET IS NOBODY’S PRIVATE PROPERTY!
Nobody owns the internet!
Many non-profit organizations help in maintaining it though!
Examples:
ISOC (Internet society)
ICANN (Internet society for assigned names and numbers)
IAB (Internet architecture board)

29. DIFFERENT WAYS OF ACCESSING THE INTERNET
Individuals usually connect to the Internet using either:
Dial Up
DSL or Digital subscriber line
ISDN or Integrated services digital network
Cable modems
Satellite connections

30. DIAL UP Uses normal telephone line to establish a connection.
Maximum speed of 56 Kbps can be achieved.

31. DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
Uses normal telephone line to achieve extremely high data rates.
Two popular variations are :
ADSL or Asymmetric DSL
Downstream speed of 1.5 Mbps to 9 Mbps
Upstream speed of 16 to 640 Kbps
SDSL or Symmetric DSL
Downstream and upstream speeds of 3 Mbps

32. CABLE MODEMS Utilizes coaxial cable to access the internet.
Requires a cable modem to be installed.
Data rates of upto 2 Mbps can be achieved.

33. SATELLITE CONNECTIONS
Utilizes geostationary satellites to access the internet.
Propagation delay is a major concern

34. HOW BUSINESSES OR OTHER ORGANIZATIONS ACCESS THE INTERNET
Using Leased lines.
Using ATM or Asynchronous transfer mode networks

35. LEASED LINE
A leased line is a dedicated phone line to your telephone exchange.
It has two popular variants:
T1 = 24 telephone lines
Data rates of upto 1.5 Mbps
T3= 672 telephone lines
Data rates of upto 45 Mbps

36. ATM Based on packet switching. Fixed packet size of 53 bytes.
Data rates of upto 2.2 Gbps can be achieved.

37. SECURITY – THE MILLION DOLLAR QUESTION!
Authentication
Log in with your password
Firewalls
Shield information from hackers or unauthorized users!
Encryption
The sender turns on the lock.Only the receiver has the key

38. POPULAR INTERNET TOOLS
e mail: Used for transmitting and receiving messages.
Telnet: An Internet protocol that allows a user at a remote terminal to login to other computer systems on the Internet
FTP or File transfer protocol:A way of transferring files over the Internet from one computer to another.

39. Internet tools - continued
Usenet: Collection of newsgroups across the internet.
Mailing lists: Allows group of people with a common interest to send messages to each other.
Archie: Juggle through FTP sites to see if they have the information you are looking for!

40. Internet tools - continued
Gopher: Was the means of accessing information(plain text) on the internet, before the world wide web was born!
VoIP or Voice over IP: A technology for transmitting ordinary telephone calls over the Internet using packet-linked routes
WAIS or Wide area Information server: distributed information retrieval system on the Internet used to retrieve documents using keywords searching defined databases.