1. CHAPTER 9
DEVELOPMENT

2. INTRO
World is divided between relatively wealthy and relatively poor regions
– geographers try to understand why
World’s countries can be classified according to their levels of development
More Developed Country (MDC)
Less Developed Country (LDC)
Development – the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology

3. ISSUE #1 Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
(Study the maps in this key issue!!!!!!!!)

4. MEASURING DEVELOPMENT
A country’s level of development can be identified according to 3 factors:
Economic (GDP)
Social (Literacy rates and education)
Demographic (life expectancy)
Human Development Index (HDI) – combination of these factors to measure a state’s level of development
High ranking HDI countries tend to be in the West (W. Europe and North America)
Many of the lowest ranking are in sub-Saharan Africa
highest in recent years
Norway
U.S. ranked 10th in 2005 (why?)
2012 HDI rankings
2012 HDI map

5. Human Development Index, 2005
Fig. 9-1: Developed by the United Nations, the HDI combines several measures of development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (schooling and literacy).

6. 1. ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Economic indicators factored into the HDI include:
GDP
- Measures average, NOT distribution
Economic Structure /Types of Jobs
- Know primary, secondary and tertiary jobs!
Worker Productivity
Access to raw materials
Availability of consumer goods

7. Annual GDP per capita, 2005
Fig. 9-2: Annual gross domestic product (GDP) per capita averages over $20,000 in most developed countries but under $5000 in most less developed countries.

8. HDI
GDP

9. Employment Changes by Sector
Fig. 9-3: Percentage employment in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of MDCs has changed dramatically, but change has been slower in LDCs.

10. 2. SOCIAL INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Social indicators factored into the HDI include:
Education & literacy
Health & welfare

11. Primary Student-Teacher Ratios
Fig. 9-6: Students per teacher, primary school level. Primary school teachers have much larger class sizes in LDCs than in MDCs, partly because of the large numbers of young people in the population.

12. Calories per capita
Fig. 9-9: Daily available calories per capita as percent of requirements, In MDCs, the average person consumes one-third or more over the required average minimum, while in LDCs, the average person gets only the minimum requirement or less.

13. Health Care Expenditures per GDP
Fig. 9-7: Expenditures on health care as percent of GDP, MDCs have much higher GDP and spend a greater proportion of GDP on health care than do LDCs.

14. Physicians per Population
Fig. 9-8: Physicians per 1000 people, MDCs have three or more physicians per 1000 people compared to less than one in most LDCs.

15. Physicians per Population
HDI
Physicians per Population

16. 3. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Demographic indicators factored into the HDI include:
Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality Rate
Natural Increase Rate
Crude Birth Rate

17. TYPE 2
List the 3 types of indicators used to measure a nation’s development

18. TYPE 2
List the 3 types of indicators used to measure a nation’s development
- Economic, Social, Demographic

19. TYPE 2 2. List the most important economic indicator
3. List the social indicators
4. List the demographic indicator most used
5. True/False – in MDCs
the percentage of agricultural workers has sharply decreased while the percentage of service workers has sharply increased

20. TYPE 2 List the economic indicators (GDP) List the social indicators
(Education and literacy rates)
List the demographic indicator most used
(life expectancy)
5. True/False – in MDCs
the percentage of agricultural workers has sharply decreased while the percentage of service workers has sharply increased (True)

21. INTERESTING VISUALS Maps that explain the U.S.
Global internet cables underwater

22. Where are More and Less Developed Countries Distributed?
ISSUE #2
(See packet)
Where are More and Less Developed Countries Distributed?

23. Human Development Index, 2005
Based on this map, and using More Developed Region and Less Developed Region as your categories, categorize the following:
A. Anglo-America (U.S./Canada) D. Japan G. South Asia J. S-S Africa
B. East Asia E. Latin America H. South Pacific K. W. Europe
C. Eastern Europe F. Middle East I. Southeast Asia
---- compare your answers to those on the map located on page 301

24. HOW THE WORLD IS ORGANIZED
Organized into 9 regions based on development
in a global economy geographers are very interested in comparing/contrasting the economic patterns of the regions

25. REGIONS Anglo-America Western Europe Eastern Europe Japan
MORE DEVELOPED
LESS DEVELOPED
Anglo-America
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Japan
South Pacific
1. Latin America 2. East Asia 3. Middle East 4. Southeast Asia 5. South Asia 6. Sub-Saharan Africa

26. More & Less Developed Regions
Fig. 9-11: The less developed regions include Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.

27. REGIONS cont.
Anglo-America & Latin America– distinguished on basis of dominant languages, religions, and natural increase rates
Europe – share many cultural traditions but different political developments have produced different levels of economic development
Asia – various regions are distinguished by demographic, religious, linguistic, ethnic and political characteristics
Japan – cultural and demographic characteristics contrast greatly with states in East Asia
South Pacific – large area but less populous than the other regions

28. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?
ISSUE #3
Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

29. Development may mask inequality
According to UN, gender inequality exists in every country
GDI – compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes
GEM – compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making

30. (GDI) GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Combines same indicators as the HDI
economic, social, demographic
Highest GDIs – Western Europe and North America
Lowest GDIs – SS Africa
Overall, status of women has been increasing since 1970

31. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI), 2005
Fig. 9-13: The GDI combines four measures of development, reduced by the degree of disparity between males and females.

32. INDICATORS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
SOCIAL INDICATORS
Looks at average incomes of males and females
It is lower in EVERY country
In LDCs this difference is relatively low in terms of dollars, but high in terms of percentage
Looks at education and literacy
Women are less likely to attend school in LDCs than in MDCs
In SS Africa and the ME fewer than 1/3 of girls attend schools

33. Female-Male Income Differences
Fig. 9-14: Female income as a percent of male income, Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America.

34. Gender Differences in School Enrollment
Fig. 9-15: As many or more girls than boys are enrolled in school in more developed countries, but fewer girls than boys are enrolled in many LDCs.

35. Male & Female Literacy Rates
Fig. 9-16: Female literacy (bottom) is lower than male literacy (top) in many LDCs, with substantial gender gaps in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.

36. Male Literacy Rates, 2005
Fig. 9-16a: Percent of males literate, Literacy is close to 100% among males in MDCs, but it is below 60% in some of the world’s poorest countries.

37. Female Literacy Rates, 2005
Fig. 9-16b: Low rates of female literacy are much more common than male literacy. Female literacy is also lower than male literacy in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.

38. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
GDI cont.
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
Looks at life expectancy
Pattern here is different; the gap is actually larger in MDCs than in LDCs
Ex. Baby girl born in the U.S. is expected to live 6 years longer than a baby boy; in most LDCs it is only 1 or 2 years
Hazards of childbearing play a big role in this trend

39. Life Expectancy & Gender, 2005
Fig. 9-17: Differences between male & female life expectancy. Women’s life expectancy is several years longer than men’s in MDCs, but only slightly longer in many LDCs.

40. GENDER EMPOWERMENT
Reflects improvements in the standard of living and well-being of women
Calculated by combining:
Economic indicators
Political indicators
Highest GEMs are in Northern Europe, North America, South Pacific
Lowest GEMS are in Africa and Asia (problems reporting in LDCs?)

41. GEM cont. ECONOMIC INDICATORS POLITICAL INDICATORS
Looks at income and professional jobs
- influence over the economy
Role of cultural barriers in job opportunities?
Looks at managerial jobs and elected jobs
- influence over decision making process
More women than men vote in most places
No country has a parliament or congress with a female majority

42. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
-compare to HDI map on page 293
Fig. 9-18: The GEM combines two measures of economic power and two of political power by women. (Little data are available for LDCs.)

43. Women Professional & Technical Workers
Fig 9-19: Half or more of professional and technical workers are women in most MDCs and some LDCs, such as Brazil, but only a small proportion are women in most LDCs.

44. Women Administrators & Managers
Fig. 9-20: More than one-third of top administrators are women in North America and some other MDCs and LDCs, but 20% or fewer top administrators are women in many other countries.

45. Women as Legislators
Fig 9-21: Over 30% of legislative seats in northern Europe and over 20% of those in China and other nations are held by women . In many other LDCs, under 10% are held by women.

46. REVIEW QUESTIONS

47. 1. List the More Developed Regions of the world.

48. 2. List the Less Developed Regions of the world.

49. 3. True/False – areas with higher HDIs tend to also be areas with higher GDPs.

50. 4. What three types of indicators are used to determine HDI
4. What three types of indicators are used to determine HDI? Provide a specific example of each type.

51. 5. How does GDI differ from GEM? What does each stand for?

52. 6. True/False – the lowest GDIs tend to be in Latin America.

53. 7. What three types of indicators are used to determine GDI
7. What three types of indicators are used to determine GDI? Provide a specific example of each type.

54. 8. True/False – professional jobs measure economic power and managerial jobs measure political power

55. 9. Summarize and/or list an example for each of the following jobs: a
9. Summarize and/or list an example for each of the following jobs: a. Primary Sector b. Secondary Sector c. Tertiary Sector

56. 10. True/False – most countries where the parliament/congress consists of a female majority are located in Western Europe

57. 1. List the More Developed Regions of the world
1. List the More Developed Regions of the world. MDCs - Anglo-America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Japan, South Pacific

58. 2. List the Less Developed Regions of the world.
LDCs - Latin America, East Asia, Middle East,Southeast Asia,South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa

59. 3. True/False – areas with higher HDIs tend to also be areas with higher GDPs. True

60. 4. What three types of indicators are used to determine HDI
4. What three types of indicators are used to determine HDI? Provide a specific example of each type. Economic – GDP, Economic Structure (types of jobs), Worker Productivity, Access to raw materials, Availability of consumer goods Social – Education & literacy, Health & welfare Demographic - Life Expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate,Natural Increase Rate, Crude Birth Rate

61. 5. How does GDI differ from GEM. What does each stand for
5. How does GDI differ from GEM? What does each stand for? GDI – Gender Related Development Index – measures each nation’s gender inequality GEM – Gender Empowerment Index –
compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making

62. 6. True/False – the lowest GDIs tend to be in Latin America
6. True/False – the lowest GDIs tend to be in Latin America. False – SS Africa

63. 7. What three types of indicators are used to determine GDI
7. What three types of indicators are used to determine GDI? Provide a specific example of each type. Economic – average income Social – literacy and education Demographic – life expectancy

64. 8. True/False – professional jobs measure economic power and managerial jobs measure political power TRUE

65. 9. Summarize and/or list an example for each of the following: Primary sector – agriculture, mining, fishing secondary sector- manufacturing, producing finished goods tertiary sector – service oriented; retailing, banking, law, education, government

66. 10. True/False – most countries where the parliament/congress consists of a female majority are located in Western Europe FALSE – no country has a female majority

67. Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles to Development?
ISSUE #4
Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles to Development?

68. INTRO Key indicators are looking better for LDCs in recent years
infant mortality rate, natural increase rate…
But key indicators still remain wide between MDCs and LDCs
ex. 1/5 of world’s population living in MDCs consumes 5/6 of the world’s goods
14% of world’s population who live in Africa consume only 1% of those goods
LDCs face two basic problems in trying to improve development:
Adopting policies that successfully promote development
2. Funding development

69. Income & Demographic Change, 1980- 2005
Fig. 9-22: Rates of natural increase and infant mortality have remained much higher in LDCs than in MDCs. Since 1980, the natural increase rate has declined at about the same rates in MDCs and LDCs, while the infant mortality rate has declined more rapidly in LDCs. Per capita GDP has increased more in MDCs than in LDCs during this period.

70. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SELF-SUFFICIENCY
Also called “balanced growth” – the preferred method of development for most of the 20th century (exs. China, India)
Main concept:
Country spreading investment equally across all sectors of its economy
Promoted by setting barriers:
High tariffs on imports, fixed quotas, requiring licenses

71. SELF-SUFFICENCY cont. BENEFITS PROBLEMS
People/businesses throughout the country share equally in development
2. Helps “fledgling” businesses by protecting them from certain competitors
3. Rural incomes keep up with urban incomes
Inefficiency – protects inefficient businesses
Large bureaucracy – encourages abuse and corruption

72. DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INT’L TRADE
Calls for a country to identify its key assets and then sell them, thus helping finance other development
What can we manufacture and sell that others will buy?
Concentrate resources on distinctive industries (that will lead to economic growth)
Much more common than the self-sufficiency model, many countries converted to this model in the 1990s

73. ROSTOW’S STAGES
Traditional Society: not started development, high % of population in agriculture
Preconditions for Takeoff: development begins when an elite group begins activities to spur development
Takeoff: rapid growth is generated in a limited # of activities (textiles, food production)
Drive to Maturity – modern technology diffuses to more industries; workers become more skilled and specialized
Age of Mass Consumption – economy shifts from production of heavy industry to consumer goods

74. ROSTOW cont. Each state is on one of the stages
MDCs : 4 or 5
LDCs : 1-3
Assumes LDCs will move through the stages
To stage 4!!!!

75. EXAMPLES OF INT’L TRADE APPROACH
4 ASIAN DRAGONS
PETROLEUM RICH ARABIAN PENINSULA STATES
SAUDI ARABIA
BAHRAIN
SINGAPORE
S. KOREA
OMAN
KUWAIT
TAIWAN
HONG KONG
UAE

76. PROBLEMS W/ INT’L TRADE ALTERNATIVE
Uneven Resource Distribution and price instability (ex. Copper in Zambia)
Market Stagnation
- markets for their goods may grow slowly in the future, increasing competition
Increased Dependence on MDCs
- Funds dedicated to maintaining relationships with MDCs rather than funding needed sectors of their own society such as food and education

77. RECENT TRIUMPHS W/ INT’L TRADE
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
TRANSATIONAL CORPORTATIONS

78. FINANCING DEVELOPMENT
Regardless of the model followed, LDCs lack money for development and usually have to get it from MDCs
2 primary sources for funds going to LDCs come from:
Direct investment by transnational corporations
Loans from banks and/or int’l organizations

79. Foreign Direct Investment Flows
Fig. 9-23: Most transnational companies invest in the three core regions of North America, Western Europe, and Japan. Outside these core regions, the largest investment is in China.

80. LOANS 2 major lenders are the IMF and World Bank
Created in 1944 to promote economic development & stability
LDCs use loans for things such as:
New infrastructure, dams, flood protection, roads, hotels, water supplies….

81. LOANS cont. WORLD BANK IMF includes the IBRD & IDA
Know their differences/roles
World bank often funds specific projects, IMF does not
provides loans to countries experiencing balance-of payment problems that threaten the expansion of int’l trade
IMF loans are designed to help with things such as:
Rebuilding int’l reserves, stabilizing currency exchanges rates…
how is the IMF funded?
Understand problems w/ loans and specific examples, including the Structural Adjustment Programs – pp

82. Microfinance in Bangladesh
The Grameen Bank provides small loans to women (and men) in Bangladesh. Women in this village are repaying their loans.

83. FAIR TRADE
Fair Trade – products are made & traded according to standards that protect workers % small businesses in LDCS
a variation of the int’l trade model
Standards of FT are set by the FLO (2 types of standards)
NA – products tend to be home accessories, jewelry, ceramics…
Europe - tend to be food

84. FAIR TRADE STANDARDS PRODUCER STANDARDS WORKER STANDARDS
Work with cooperatives to help those in LDCs:
get credit, reduce raw material costs, learn skills, ensure healthy working conditions…
Removes middle man so costs are cut and greater % of profits to producers/workers
Workers in LDCs “allegedly” work long hours in poor conditions for low pay
Fair Trade requires employers to:
Pay fair wages, allow for unionizing, comply with environmental & safety standards

85. Core and Periphery in World Economy
Fig. 9-25: This north polar projection of the world shows that most of the MDCs are in a core area north of 30° N latitude. The LDCs are mostly on the periphery of this map.

86. Chapter 09: REVIEW

87. 09.01 Of the following areas, the Human Development Index is highest in
1. South Asia
2. East Asia
3. South America
4. Sub-Saharan Africa
5. Europe

88. 09.01 Of the following areas, the Human Development Index is highest in
1. South Asia
2. East Asia
3. South America
4. Sub-Saharan Africa
5. Europe

90. 09.02 GDP per capita is highest in
1. South America
2. East Asia
3. Middle East
4. Eastern Europe
5. North America

91. 09.02 GDP per capita is highest in
1. South America
2. East Asia
3. Middle East
4. Eastern Europe
5. North America

93. 09.03 Regarding sector employment in MDCs and LDCs over the last 100 years, it is true that:
1. The primary sector has increased in MDCs
2. The tertiary sector has decreased in MDCs
3. The primary sector has trended slightly lower in LDCs
4. The tertiary sector has increased in LDCs
5. The secondary sector has decreased in LDCs

94. 09.03 Regarding sector employment in MDCs and LDCs over the last 100 years, it is true that:
1. The primary sector has increased in MDCs
2. The tertiary sector has decreased in MDCs
3. The primary sector has trended slightly lower in LDCs
4. The tertiary sector has increased in LDCs
5. The secondary sector has decreased in LDCs

96. 09.04 Malnutrition is highest in
1. Sub-Saharan Africa
2. East Asia
3. South Asia
4. South America
5. Central America

97. 09.04 Malnutrition is highest in
1. Sub-Saharan Africa
2. East Asia
3. South Asia
4. South America
5. Central America

99. 09.05 Sub-Saharan Africa has all of the following problems, except:
1. Corrupt and/or inefficient governments
2. Low levels of female empowerment
3. High levels of poverty
4. A lack of mineral resources
5. A relatively uneducated populace

100. 09.05 Sub-Saharan Africa has all of the following problems, except:
1. Corrupt and/or inefficient governments
2. Low levels of female empowerment
3. High levels of poverty
4. A lack of mineral resources
5. A relatively uneducated populace

101. 09.06 The Gender-Related Development Index is lowest in
1. Sub-Saharan Africa
2. Eastern Europe
3. North America
4. South America
5. East Asia

102. 09.06 The Gender-Related Development Index is lowest in
1. Sub-Saharan Africa
2. Eastern Europe
3. North America
4. South America
5. East Asia

104. 09.07 The self-sufficiency approach to development
1. Has had the support of the United States
2. Relies on free trade with more developed countries
3. Has been the preferred approach over the last two decades
4. Frequently suffers from inefficiency
5. Relies on market forces with little guidance from government

105. 09.07 The self-sufficiency approach to development
1. Has had the support of the United States
2. Relies on free trade with more developed countries
3. Has been the preferred approach over the last two decades
4. Frequently suffers from inefficiency
5. Relies on market forces with little guidance from government

106. 09.08 According to Rostow’s development model, a country with a lot of heavy industry that uses modern technology is in Stage
1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
5. Five

107. 09.08 According to Rostow’s development model, a country with a lot of heavy industry that uses modern technology is in Stage
1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
5. Five

108. 09.09 All of the following statements about the World Trade Organization are true, except:
1. Liberals charge it is anti-democratic
2. Conservatives charge it compromises sovereignty
3. It seeks to lower tariffs
4. It encompasses around 70% of world trade
5. It promotes a capitalist economic view

109. 09.09 All of the following statements about the World Trade Organization are true, except
1. Liberals charge it is anti-democratic
2. Conservatives charge it compromises sovereignty
3. It seeks to lower tariffs
4. It encompasses around 70% of world trade
5. It promotes a capitalist economic view

110. 09.10 Foreign debt as a percentage of income is highest in
1. South Asia
2. East Asia
3. Middle East
4. Central Africa
5. Eastern Europe

111. 09.10 Foreign debt as a percentage of income is highest in
1. South Asia
2. East Asia
3. Middle East
4. Central Africa
5. Eastern Europe