1. International Development
LQ’s for Development – chapter 9
1) Why does development vary among countries?
2) Where are more and less developed countries distributed?
3) How does development affect gender?
4) Why do LDC’s face obstacles to development?
The single most important geographic fact of development is its striking UNEVENNESS. 1

2. What Do We Mean By Development? Let’s review Key Issue 1…
The three objectives of development
increases in availability and improvements in the distribution of food, shelter, health, protection, etc.
improvements in ‘levels of living,’ including higher incomes, more jobs, better education, etc.
expansions in the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and nations

3. Measuring Development - HDI
United Nations Development Program Overview 2005 Click for Animated Graphs
Economic Indicators
Gross Domestic Product (GDP, also GNIPP)
Types of Work (Economic Sectors)
Social Indicators
Education and Literacy
Health and Welfare
Demographic Indicators
Life Expectancy ( years)
Infant Mortality (<10 - >100 per thousand)
Natural Increase ( %)

4. HDI Index Life Expectancy Adult Literacy GDP (US$)
Rank
HDI Index
Life Expectancy
Adult Literacy
GDP (US$)
  Arab States
0.679 67
64.1
2,611
  East Asia and the Pacific
0.768
70.5
90.4
1,512
  Latin America / Caribbean
0.797
71.9
89.6
3,275
  South Asia
0.628
63.4
58.9
617
  Sub-Saharan Africa
0.515
46.1
60.5
633
OECD
0.892
77.7 na
25,750
World
0.741
67.1
5,801
High Human Development 1
Norway
0.963
79.4 99
48,412 10
United States
0.944
77.4
37,648 11
Japan
0.943 82
33,713 42
Slovakia
0.849 74
99.6
6,033 47
Costa Rica
0.838
78.2
95.8
4,352 53
Mexico
0.814
75.1
90.3
6,121
Medium Human Development 75
Venezuela
0.772
72.9 93
3,326 83
Armenia
0.759
71.5
99.4
918 84
Philippines
0.758
70.4
92.6
989 94
Turkey
0.75
68.7
88.3
3,399
108
Viet Nam
0.704
482
144
Uganda
0.508
47.3
68.9
249
Low Human Development
159
Rwanda
0.45
43.9 64
195
166
Zambia
0.394
37.5
67.9
417

5. More VOCAB TERMS to know! Let’s put them in our own words!
Gross domestic product: value of total output of goods and services produced in a country.
Primary sector: directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry
Secondary sector: includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products
Tertiary sector: involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

6. More VOCAB TERMS to know! Let’s put them in our own words!
**Quinary sector: jobs in health, education, research, government, retailing, tourism, and recreation.
**Quaternary sector: jobs in business services such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising, and wholesaling.
Productivity: value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
Value added: gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy.
Gross=total

7. Types of Jobs: Comparing MDC vs. LDC

8. ***New International Division of Labor!!!***
Why have primary and secondary jobs declined in MDC’s in recent years??? What are businesses doing?
OUTSOURCING!
What does AP call this?
***New International Division of Labor!!!***

9. Measuring Development
Social Indicators
Education and Literacy

10. Measuring Development
Social Indicators
Health and Welfare

11. Key Issues 2 & 3
2: Where are more and less developed countries distributed?
3: Where does level of development vary by gender?

12. Let’s read intro to Key Issue 2 on page 301

13. Location of More and Less Developed Countries
Development generally reflects a North-South split in the world.

14. Why the HDI? Read about your assignmed region and tell us something about it! Pages 301-309
MDC
LDC
Anglo-America: 0.94
Western Europe: 0.93
Eastern Europe: 0.80*
Japan 0.94*
South Pacific: 0.87
Latin America: 0.80
East Asia: 0.76
Middle East: 0.68
Southeast Asia 0.58
South Asia: 0.58
Sub-Saharan Africa: 0.51

15. Gender-Related Development Index
GDI similar to HDI: separates men and women
Country penalized for having disparities between men and women (ex: school enrollment)
No country has a 1: complete gender equality
Norway highest again: 0.960
U.S. high, but not very top
Sub-Saharan Africa lowest

16. Indicators. You will be assigned an indicator to read on pages 309-314
Indicators? You will be assigned an indicator to read on pages Be able to explain.
Economic
Social
Demographic

17. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
In both MDC’s and LDC’s women hold less economic and political positions than men
Combines income and professional jobs (econ) and managerial jobs and elected jobs (polit)
High: North America, North Europe, South Pacific
Low: Africa and Asia

18. Indicators? Half the class read economic, other half political on page 311-314. Be able to explain.

19. Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles to Development?
Key Issue 4
Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles to Development?

20. Strategies for International Development
Self-Sufficiency Model (Balanced Growth)
Spread investment as equally as possible.
Set barriers that limit imports/ limit international trade.
Mexico and India
Problems = Inefficiency/ lack of advancement and large bureaucracy.
International Trade Model (Economic Growth)
Rostow’s Model
World Bank lending
Basic Needs Model/Appropriate Technology Model
Microlending (Grameen Bank, Kiva.org)
Revolutionary/Radical Reform Model
Cuba, U.S.S.R

21. Institutions of International Development
United Nations - formed in 1945 to promote peace. 189 current members.
World Bank - financial assistance and loans. Owned by 189 United Nations members.
International Monetary Fund - arm of U.N. that surveys and oversees international money exchange to prevent monetary crises. Also provides loans and training to help countries with balance of payment problems.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - World Watch, Human Rights Watch, World Commission on Dams, Grameen Bank, Kiva.org, many others.

22. Rostow’s Model TRADITIONAL SOCIETY – Development not started yet
American economist and political advisor during 1950s developed model, arguing that each country passes through five stages from traditional society to high mass consumption.
TRADITIONAL SOCIETY – Development not started yet
PRECONDITIONS FOR TAKE-OFF - elite group initiates economic innovations, leads to productivity and investments in infrastructure.
TAKE-OFF - rapid growth in a number of specific economic activities, technical advances.
DRIVE TO MATURITY - Modern technology diffuses to a wide variety of industries.
AGE OF MASS CONSUMPTION - economy shifts from heavy industry (steel) to consumer goods (cars).

24. Examples of Int’l Trade Approach
Four Asian Dragons
Lacking resources, they concentrated on manufactured goods.
South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.
Arabian Peninsula States
Petroleum rich.
Used revenue to fund large scale projects.

25. Textile manufacturing: Taiwan
Electronics: S. Korea
Textile manufacturing: Taiwan
Arabian Peninsula: Dubai, UAE

26. Problem’s with Rostow’s Model and the International Trade Approach
Developmentalism: the idea that every country and region will eventually make economic progress toward “high mass consumption” provided that they compete to the best of their ability. This is not likely and is hard on the planet. WHY?
Increased dependence on MDCs and their markets. Undue influence on many global policies, including those of the U.N. and World Bank.
Market Stagnation: counting on selling to MDC’s can be risky… MDCs have very limited population growth. May force LDC’s to cut back on production of food, clothing, and other necessities.

27. Other Problems in International Development
High Debt Countries
Hostility Regarding World Bank and IMF Structural Adjustment Programs
IMF “Free Market” Requirements for Loans and Assistance
Warfare and Instability Limit Foreign Investment
Core-Periphery Relationships May Be Necessary for Economic Growth
Within Countries
Globally

28. High Debt Countries
Loans to LDCs by 2000 exceeded $2.1 trillion dollars. Interest payments consume some small economies, encouraging export earnings instead of internal improvements.

29. Warfare and Instability Limit Foreign Investment