1. 11. 5 The Legacy of the War Objectives: A
11.5 The Legacy of the War Objectives: A. What were the economic, political, military and social consequences of the war? B. Why is the Civil War considered a “turning point”?

2. Second Inaugural Address (Prelude to Reconstruction)
Read Lincoln’s second inaugural address:
Answer the following:
What is the tone of the address?
Who is Lincoln addressing?
What strikes you most about the address?
How does it compare to political speeches you have heard before?
In light if this document, why do some say that Lincoln’s death was a tragedy for the South?

3. Lincoln's SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS (ABRIDGED)
If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."
With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

4. Lee with his son after the surrender
After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

5. ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN
Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender
First president to be assassinated in US history
7 million Americans, 1/3 of North’s population, viewed funeral train

6. Title: Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre
Year: 1865 Creator: H.H. Lloyd & Co.

7. WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS
Northern Economy outperforms the South’s
North is more industrialized
North has more workers
North has more transportation
Northern states stay united; Lincoln is able to control dissent
North has more population
People to work
Men to fight

8. WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS
Uncle Tom’s Cabin moves people of England and France to oppose their governments joining the South and breaking the Union blockade/Anaconda Plan.
Britain relies on Union grain shipments to off-set shortages (King Corn defeats King Cotton)
Trent and Alabama crises: these violations of neutrality threaten war with Britain/Canada. Diplomacy succeeds and Britain pays damages.
Confederacy has same problems as Articles of Confederation – weak central government
Jefferson Davis not popular, threatened w/ impeachment

9. ECONOMIC CHANGES IN THE NORTH: Economy booms and grows
Institutes income tax for 1st time
Construction of national railroad system
Creation of national banks
Instituted the “greenback” currency
179% inflation rate in 1865
IN THE SOUTH:
Economic collapse
Percentage of national wealth drops from 30 to 12%
Income is 2/5 of Northern average
9,000% inflation rate at end of war!!!

10. SOCIAL and POLITICAL COSTS and CHANGE
Nullification and Secession now defunct,
BUT states’ rights STILL VERY MUCH ALIVE.
Emancipation and Thirteenth Amendment end slavery
Power of the federal government greatly expanded
Republican democracy proven viable to world
Over 600,000 dead
Over 1,000,000 wounded
Over 3,000,000 men in uniform for 4 years (=10% of total population)
$15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs)
War debt and caring for wounded veterans consumes the federal budget for the next several decades

11. MILITARY CHANGES Invention of rifle and minié ball  deadlier wars
Cavalry becomes obsolete
End of massed infantry charges (Pickett’s charge)
Beginning of trench warfare
End of wooden ships – age of ironclads begins

12. FINAL ANALYSIS Slavery ended 600,000 dead 1,000,000 wounded
$15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs)
Nullification and Secession now defunct
Republican democracy proven viable to world

13. MEANS TO AN END?
During the war Lincoln violated the Constitutional limits on his powers:
Initiated blockade w/o advice/consent of Congress
Increased size of army w/o advice/consent of Congress
Appropriated funds w/o advice/consent of Congress
Suspended habeas corpus
“supervised” voting in border states (intimidation)
Violated freedom of the press
Uses total war against South? Will it jeopardize the peace?
Also, the DRAFT: Was it necessary? Just?

14. Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Leaves of Grass. 1900.
193. O Captain! My Captain! 1
O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done;
The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won;
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring:
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.

15. 2
O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills; 10
For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding;
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head;
It is some dream that on the deck, 15
You’ve fallen cold and dead.

16. Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Leaves of Grass. 1900.3
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;
The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won; 20
Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
But I, with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.

17. THINGS TO STUDY:
IDENTIFICATIONS
DATES: EMANCIPATION, Ft. SUMTER, MAJOR BATTLES, LEE’S SURRENDER, LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION
QUESTIONS AT BEGINNING OF CHAPTER NOTES
NOTES
TIMELINE
ESSAY TOPICS:
A. EMANCIPATION (CHART) & ROLE OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS
B. KEY TURNING POINTS
C. NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN STRATEGIES…
WHAT THEY WERE, WHY FAILED/WHY SUCCEEDED?
D. COMPARE/CONTRAST GENERALS