1. Ocean Water
Chapter 15

2. Section 1 Properties of Ocean Water
Objectives:
List substances that are dissolved in ocean water
Explain how a thermocline forms
Compare and Contrast properties of ocean water
Predict the solubility of salt in water at different temperatures

3. Skills Warm-up What’s in Water?
Suppose that you have a glass of pure water, a glass of fresh water, and a glass of salt water.
If you evaporated the water, what would be left behind in each glass?

4. Origin of Ocean Water When earth first formed, it was very ________
Active volcanoes sent ________ ________and ___________ out
One of the gasses was _________________
The released gasses gathered in a layer to become the __________________

5. Origin of Ocean Water
After earth’s surface cooled, the water vapor ________________ into droplets of water
Water droplets combined and fell to earth as _________
Rainwater flowed over earth’s surface and formed _________ and __________
Water then pooled in large connected basins – the _____________

6. Our Oceans 4 Oceans Pacific Ocean – largest ocean ___________
covers ______ of the earth
contains _______ of earth’s salt water

7. Chemical Properties of Ocean Water
Ocean water is a mixture of dissolved
__________
tiny amounts of many __________
As rivers flow across earth, these substances are picked up
When rivers reach the ocean, the substances are deposited as _________ ______ or used by _______ _____________

8. Chemical Properties of Ocean Water
Major dissolved gasses
________ ________ ____________
Major dissolved salts

9. Salinity The number of _______ __ ______ in 1 kg of water
Average salinity of ocean water is _________
Salinity varies from one part of the ocean to another
What causes high salinity:
High _______________
Low _______________
________________
What causes low salinity:
Melting ____________
Where fresh water meets salt water (___________)

10. Parts of salt per 1000 parts ocean water

11. Physical Properties of Ocean Water
_______________
Top of water column directly heated by ______ – depth of 100 to 400 meters
Summer surface temps are _________ than winter
Temp varies from place to place – water is warmer near the __________ and cooler near the __________

12. Physical Properties of Ocean Water
Just beneath the surface water is a zone where water temp decreases rapidly - ______________
Thermocline forms because warm surface water ______ __ ____ ___ colder water
Depth of thermocline changes with the __________ and with ___________
Below the thermocline, water temp decreases only _____________

14. Ocean Water and Living Things
Organisms that live in the ocean use substances dissolved in ocean water to survive
_________ – use dissolved nitrate for growth
_____ __________– use calcium to build tough, thick shells
_________ – use silica to build tiny, intricate shells

15. Ocean Water and Living Things
Many organisms depend on __________
For what????
Sunlight can’t _______________ too far into ocean water
These organisms must live in _______ ________ near the shore or _________ on top of the water
Examples – algae and diatoms

16. Ocean Water and Living Things
Some organisms move up and down in the water column by changing their ________
Fish have a _________ ____________
Fill with gas from bloodstream – fish is less dense – fish rises
Empty swim bladder – fish is more dense – fish sinks deeper
Organisms that live in deep ocean water must withstand great _____________

17. Drinkable Ocean Water
You shouldn’t drink ocean water – it has too much _________ for your body to process
You will actually get more ___________!
Some areas of the world don’t have enough fresh water
They drink ocean water by removing the salt - ________________

18. Desalination Ocean water is pumped into a chamber and __________
Water turns to __________
Steam is sent to another chamber where it cools and _____________
Salt is too __________ and is left behind
Water from condensed steam is fresh and ________________
But fossil fuels need to be used to heat the water

19. Check and Explain 1. What substances are dissolved in ocean water?
2. What is a thermocline? Explain how it forms.
3. Explain the following properties of ocean water: composition, temperature, salinity, and density.
4. Imagine you have a glass of water at room temperature. You mix salt into the water until no more will dissolve. Then you put the glass in the refrigerator. What will happen to the salt in the water?

21. Lab – “How Do Temperature and Salinity Affect Density?”
Text page 344

23. Section 2 Ocean Currents
Objectives:
Describe the major ocean current patterns in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans
Identify two factors that drive ocean currents
Compare and Contrast surface currents and deep currents
Predict the effects of the Coriolis force

24. Skills Warm-up At the Edge
Imagine that you are riding in the center of a merry-go-round.
You want to throw a ball to a friend at the edge of the merry-go-round.
Where would your friend have to sit to be able to catch the ball?

26. Ocean Currents
If you were on a boat adrift in the ocean near Antarctica, the boat would travel in a _____________ direction.
It would be carried along in a flow of water called a ____________
Current – a flow of water moving through the ocean
A strong current flows in a clockwise direction around _____________

27. Ocean Currents Currents flow through all parts of the ocean
_______ __________ – flow horizontally at or near the top of the ocean
_______ __________ – flow horizontally far beneath the surface
Ocean water also flows _____________
Ocean water can flow down toward the ocean floor or up toward the surface

28. Surface Currents
Surface currents are driven by _______ that blow for long distances over the ocean’s surface
The winds blow in a ________ ______ because of the Coriolis effect
__________ __________ – caused by the earth’s rotation, bends the earth’s winds and ocean currents

30. Ocean currents movie

31. Surface Currents and Wind Patterns
Earth rotates in an ___________ direction
Earth’s motion makes winds blowing toward the equator curve ____________
Winds blowing toward the poles curve ____________
Surface currents in the ocean form similar patterns
If winds change direction, so do surface currents

32. Surface Currents in the World Ocean
________ currents flow from the equator
________ currents flow from the poles
Surface currents form a circular pattern called a ________
Gyres in the northern hemisphere flow ________________
Gyres in the southern hemisphere flow ________________

33. Deep Currents
The movement of surface currents has little effect on _______ ________ __________
Deep currents are kept in motion by __________ differences
Cold water is the most dense and is at the ____________
This deep cold water flows toward the ___________, but the Coriolis effect bends them ______________

34. Deep Currents
Where winds blow in a constant direction parallel to the coast, surface currents and deep currents can mix
Wind pushes warm surface water _______ _____ ____ ________
______ _______ _________ moves up to take its place
_____________– the upward movement of deep water
Upwelling brings ___________ up from the ocean floor – attracts marine animals

36. Shoreline Currents
Near shoreline, _______ currents form that travel only __________ ______________
____________ _________ – when waves approach the shore at an angle and create a zigzag pattern parallel to shore

37. Shoreline Currents
If there is a __________ or ___________, longshore currents can be trapped
Once it finds an opening, the longshore current breaks out forcefully
A narrow, powerful stream of water flows at a right angle to the shore – ______ __________
Very _______________ – swim parallel to shore

38. Shoreline Currents
____________ – forms when water carried to the shore in waves pulls __________ toward the ocean
Usually it is not strong enough to be dangerous
But, if wave action is _________ or ocean bottom _______ _________ sharply, it can pull swimmers out to deeper water

39. Upwelling and Fisheries
In areas of ___________, winds blow warm surface water away from the coast
Cold, deep water moves in to fill the space
This cold, deep water contains large amounts of _____________ that support _________ and feed _________
These are the areas of the world’s most __________ fishing grounds

41. Upwelling and Fisheries
Usually the upwelling area along the ________ coast of S. A. is very productive
But, when ____ _________ comes, upwelling stops
El Nino is a disturbance of ocean currents and winds that occurs every _______ _______
It warms coastal waters, not allowing the nutrient rich colder waters up
No nutrients – no fish!

43. Check and Explain
1. Describe the surface currents in the North Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean.
2. What two factors cause ocean currents to form?
3. How do surface currents and deep currents differ? How are they similar?
4. What direction would a plane have to travel to reach a city directly south of its starting point if winds were blowing to the east? Why?

45. Section 3 Ocean Waves Objectives: Explain how waves form
Identify the parts of an ocean wave
Explain how to measure wave motion
Define how a water particle moves as a wave passes

46. Waves
Ocean waves form when _________ pushes against the ocean’s surface
_________ from the wind pushing makes ripples form
__________ is transferred from the wind to the water, making a wave
The _________ a wave surface becomes, the more energy it can absorb from the wind

48. Mechanics of Wave Motion
When you watch a wave move, the water appears to _______ __________
But, the water barely moves at all
It is ______ ___________ that moves forward, not the water particles
Water particles actually move in a circular __________________ motion

49. Characteristics of Waves
Ocean waves form _____ _______ ________
Wind blows over open water causing unevenly space, ragged ______ ___ _________ to form
As the wave energy continues to travel, the waves form an even series of smooth, low hills of water called ____________

51. Wave Action and Energy
As a wave gets closer to shore, its height __________ and its wavelength ____________
As wave reaches shallow water some of the wave energy transfers up increasing ______ _________
When wave contacts the ocean floor, friction slows down the deeper part of wave but wave crest keeps moving and ________ _________

52. Wave Action and Energy Waves carry a large amount of _________
When a wave breaks all the energy is ___________ against the shore
Can destroy property and disrupt boating and shipping
Can build a ___________ – high, sloping wall built at an angle to the shore
This forces waves to break away from the shore and it is protected from the full force of the waves

54. Earthquakes and Ocean Waves
The most dramatic and destructive ocean waves are caused by _______________
Earthquake causes part of the ocean floor to ______ ______
This pushes overlying water up, forming a ________ of water
As bulge settles down, it creates a series of _______ ___________
These ___________ waves can travel at speeds of over 700km/hour

56. Rogue Waves
June 3, 1984 the Marques sailing ship was sunk - 19 of its 28 crew members were lost
The cause was a _______ ________ that seemed to come out of nowhere
Rogue waves occur when two ordinary waves ___________
If their crests and troughs line up, their energy is added together and can form a wave up to ___ _________ __________

57. Check and Explain 1. How do ocean waves form?
2. Name the parts of an ocean wave.
3. Imagine you are on the deck of a boat on a calm day. How can you determine the period of the waves passing under the boat?
4. Imagine a small piece of driftwood floating in the ocean. Describe its motion as a wave passes under it. What does this tell you about how a water particle moves as a wave passes?

59. Activity
Tsunami move

61. Section 4 Tides Objectives:
Describe the effect of gravity on earth’s water
Explain why tides change
Compare and Contrast the different types of daily tide patterns
Predict the effects of tides on fishing

62. Gravity and Ocean Water
The sun and moon are large objects that exert __________ _______ on the earth
_________ _________ shows the effects of gravity more than the solid earth
Every day the level of the ocean surface rises and falls because of the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon
________ – the daily changes in water level

63. Gravity and Ocean Water
Gravitational pull of the moon on the ocean is ________ on the side of earth _______ the moon
This causes the ocean to bulge on that side
On the side of earth ________ the moon, the moon’s gravity pulls the _____ ______ towards it and away from its ocean
This also causes a bulge

64. Gravity and Ocean Water
As the earth rotates, _____ _______ occur in areas of the earth’s surface beneath the bulges
______ _______– the highest level that ocean water reaches on the shore
Low tides occur in areas between the bulges
_____ ________– the lowest level that ocean water reaches on the shore

65. Daily Tide Patterns
Every _______ ______ has at least one high tide and one low tide every day
Factors that influence daily tide patterns
________________________________________________
________________________
Tide patterns repeat every 24 hours and 50 minutes
Because a complete cycle takes slightly ______ than a day, tides occur at different times

66. Daily Tide Patterns
_____________________– two high tides and two low tides each day
Atlantic coast of U.S.
_____________________ – one high tide and one low tide each day
Southeastern U.S. along Gulf of Mexico
______________________– mix of diurnal and semidiurnal tide patterns
Pacific coast of U.S.

67. Monthly Tide Cycles Tide heights can vary each month
______________– daily tides cycles with the greatest difference between high and low tides
______________ – daily tides cycles with the least difference between high and low tides
Periods of spring and neap tides occur twice each month and are caused by the changing positions of the sun and moon

68. Tides and Living Things
Some organisms live on the shore __________ the level of the highest tide and the lowest tide – must ___________
Sand dollars
Hermit crabs
Seaweed
As tide changes, they may be _________ with water or __________ to air and sun
Fish are also affected by tides and may come _________ to shore to feed during high tide

69. Grunion Life cycle of the grunion fish depends on _______ __________
They swim onto the beach to _________ during the highest spring tides
They ________ their eggs in the sand, where they will develop until the next spring tide
The rising water stimulates the eggs to ________ and the young grunion swim out to sea

70. Tidal Power – Provides Energy
Power plant at mouth of ________ ________ in France
Huge _______ was built across the river with _________ beneath the surface for water to flow through
Inside the tunnels are large spinning _________
Spinning turbines operate _____________ that produce electricity

71. Check and Explain 1. How does gravity cause tides?
2. Why do tides change over the course of a month?
3. What is the difference between a semidiurnal tide pattern and a diurnal tide pattern?
4. When would a person going fishing on a beach have the best chance of catching a fish? Explain your answer.

73. Test Review Read Chapter 14 review – page 335 and complete:
Check Your Vocabulary
Check Your Knowledge