1. UMTS
Justin Champion

2. 3G UMTS
Contents
Why 3G
UMTS
Smart Antenna
Use of UMTS at the moment

3. “Access to Information from Anyplace, Anytime”
3G UMTS
The Dream (intention)
2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world
One device should be able to work anywhere !
“Access to Information from Anyplace, Anytime”

4. 3G UMTS The Dream (continued) Worldwide positioning available
Able to pinpoint a device and direct services to it.
Mostly to be used for “Push” services
Increased data rate
Maximum 2048Kbps
Operational
in Europe by 2002
Japan 2001 (this was achieved)
Worldwide usage by 2005 (not going to happen)

5. 3G UMTS
The reality
Different standards with some operators in America and the rest of the world
In the future market forces may move towards a single standard
i.e. VHS and Betamax video tapes
Difficulties
World wide identical available spectrum
Agreement on the encoding/decoding technique used
Local influence groups
Manufacturers who have invested in one technology

6. 3G UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
Generic name for 3G developments
Being developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
Based on the specifications of IMT-2000 developed by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Frequency Spectrum
Technical Specification
Radio and Network components
Tariffs and Billing
Technical Assistance

7. 3G UMTS
Standard
The 3G stand was written by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
The standard was referred to as IMT-2000
The key to the standards was the available data over the air interface
2Mbps in fixed or in-building environments
384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments
144 kbps in wide area mobile environments
Variable data rates in large geographic area systems (satellite)

8. 3G UMTS Other parts of the standard
Frequency Spectrum
Technical Specification
Radio and Network components
Tariffs and Billing
Technical Assistance
3 Main technical implementations were agreed
UMTS - Europe
CDMA America
TD-SCDMA –China

9. 3G UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication system (UMTS) UMTS
Builds upon the successful European GSM network
Incorporates the developments made for the GPRS and EDGE networks
Five areas of standardisation
Radio
Core Network
Terminals
Services

10. 3G UMTS The core network Asynchronous Transfer Method (ATM) IPv6
Has been defined as the core networking technology
ATM allows circuit switched transfer of data using packets.
High speed data transfer – currently maximum 10 Gbps
Guarantee of quality of service for the duration of packet transfer
Small packets used called cells for the transfer of data to minimise the impact on the routers, network and switches.
IPv6
Arguments are being pushed for the core network to allow IPv6
RFC3314, September 2002
This would allow packets to be transferred directly from the internet to the device with no translation
IPv6 does contain QOS headers, which can be used with the correctly configured hardware
All 3G devices could have a single IP address that would not need to change

11. 3G UMTS UMTS Full packet driven architecture
For voice and for data transmissions.
Packet based networks allow for an increased amount of traffic on a medium.
The only time part of that medium is blocked is when a device is transmitting or receiving.
Consider how often in your phone calls you actually say nothing
Natural pause between words
Taking a breath
Waiting for a response
Thinking of something to say

12. 3G UMTS UMTS Offers voice and data services the same as EDGE
Services offered will be classed into one of the following
From these classes certain defined Quality of Service (QOS) specifications are guaranteed like packet delay time
Conversational
Streaming
Interactive
Background
Real-Time
Best-effort, guarantee of quality delivery
Voice
Streaming Video
Web Pages
MMS, SMS, s

13. 3G UMTS Intended Data Rates Actual data rates will be effected by
Interference (other devices, background, buildings)
Over use of the frequency
Amount of other traffic
Base station / cell actually attached to
Speed you are moving at !

14. 3G UMTS Types of Cells and Base station to use them
Macro Cell
These cover a large area and will give slow access
144 Kbps – max speed of 500 Km/h
Micro Cell
These should cover a medium area
384 Kbps max speed 120 Km/h
Pico Cell
Less than 100 metres
2 Mbps – max speed of 10 Km/h
Difficult to predict
Actual distances and bandwidth depend on local conditions

15. 3G UMTS Intended Data Rates Low Medium High
144 kbits/s
satellite and rural outdoor
Medium
384 kbits/s
urban outdoor
High
2048 kbits/s
indoor and low range outdoor
The speed that the device is moving at will effect the data rate
Maximum movement speed for high date rate is 10 Kmph a fast walker will lose this rate

16. 3G UMTS Types of Cells and Base station to use them
Cells will operate in a hierarchy overlaying each other
Satellite
Macro-Cell
Micro-Cell
Urban
In-Building
Pico-Cell
Global
Suburban

17. 3G UMTS Types of Cells and Base station to use them
Cells will operate in a hierarchy overlaying each other
Pico Cells will operate in a Time division Duplex (TDD) mode
TDD mode will use the same frequency to send and receive with a time frame being allocated.
All other cells will operate in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Mode
FDD will operate in the same manner as GSM, with a different frequencies for the Uplink and Downlink

18. 3G UMTS
Consider
These data rates are in Mega Bits per Second and Kilo Bits
In terms of data rate the measure of a kilo bit is 1000 bits
Not the 1024 which is used for data storage So
2 Mega Bits per Second = 244 Kilo Bytes per second (roughly)

19. 3G UMTS What transmitters/base stations look like
Pictures taken from ( 2004)

20. 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
Allocated Frequencies

21. 3G UMTS Country Cost per population $ United Kingdom $594.20 Germany
Radio Interface
These frequencies were auctioned at great expense
The UK phone companies in June, 2003 said that they would claim the VAT back on the license purchases! About £4 Billion pounds
Court case started on the 9th of Feb 2004
Country
Cost per population $
United Kingdom
$594.20
Germany
$566.90
Italy
$174.20
S. Korea
$60.80

22. 3G 3G spectrum auction License Company Paid (Pounds) A TIW (3)
License shows the size of the spectrum with A being the largest
Part of the auction rules was a new company in the UK won the License type ‘A’
Auction closed on the 27th April 2000
The UK phone companies in June, 2003 said that they would claim the VAT back on the license purchases! About £4 Billion pounds
Court case started on the 9th of Feb 2004
License
Company
Paid (Pounds) A
TIW (3)
4,384,700,000 B
Vodafone
5,964,000,000 C
MM02
4,030,100,000 D
One2One (T-Mobile)
4,003,600,000 E
Orange
4,095,000,000

23. 3G UMTS
UK 3G Winners ??

24. 3G UMTS
Radio Interface
UMTS uses Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA)
Also known as “IMT-2000 Direct Spread”
Extremely complex algorithms
Uses 10x the current 2G processing power!
Modulation is done with Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
This encodes 2 bits with each change
Supports two modes of operation
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Time Division Duplex (TDD)

25. 3G UMTS
Trivia
Spread spectrum technology was patented by Actress Hedy Lamarr in 1942
She was the person who also gave us Cat woman out of the Batman comics!

26. 3G UMTS W-CDMA Operates in the same manner as the CDMA used in the US
CDMA allows multiple users to communicate at the same time over the same frequency
Each of the devices is given a “Chipping code” this is known by the device and the base station.
This chipping code is then used to identify the signal and allows the BS to receive the signal
The chipping code is used to adjust the frequency of data transferred during the transfer
The essential point of CDMA is the use of power control

27. 3G UMTS
W-CDMA
Wideband CDMA operates the same but this takes place over a wider area of frequency
UMTS uses 5MHz for the signal
CDMA (narrowband) uses 200 KHz
These communications are secure by the nature that unless the chipping code is known, the sequence of the data can not be known
Communications can take place as soon as the device is ready and frequency reuse factor is now one

28. 3G UMTS W-CDMA Frequency Reuse Factor
This is the distance which needs to be left between cells
As the same frequency is reused and the chipping code which is used is change and unique to a BS
The frequency can be reused in adjoining cells
Temporary Base stations can be added to the infrastructure if required, as long as the chipping code was unique

29. 3G UMTS
Power Control
If you consider a group of people speaking, Chinese, English and Italian
If these all speak at the same volume you can then listen for the parts which you understand.
If the English person starts talking louder than the rest, the all you will hear is English
The other languages will be drowned out
CDMA Works on the same basis
One point of CDMA is the power control, so that the power sent out is just enough to allow data transfer to take place.
As a side effect of this technology this controlling of the power that the radio interface uses, also saves the battery on the device

30. 3G UMTS Radio Interface Smart Antenna technology
These will allow the maximum radio efficiency
Traditional Antenna’s are omni-directional
They transfer the radio signal in 3600 from the transmission point
Top View
Side View

31. 3G UMTS Radio Interface Smart Antenna
Increase the quality of the signals
Only installed at the BS, not the handset
Increase the usage of the BS
Increased frequency reuse

32. 3G UMTS Radio Interface Smart Antenna Two types at the moment
Switched Beam
A finite number of patterns or technologies are built into these
Adaptive Array
Infinite Number of patterns available, these patterns will adjust in real-time to conditions

33. 3G UMTS Adaptive Array Antenna Switched Beam
( 2003)

34. 3G UMTS Smart Antenna Benefits
( 2003)
Feature
Benefit
signal gain—Inputs from multiple antennas are combined to optimize available power required to establish given level of coverage.
better range/coverage—Focusing the energy sent out into the cell increases base station range and coverage. Lower power requirements also enable a greater battery life and smaller/lighter handset size.
interference rejection—Antenna pattern can be generated toward co channel interference sources, improving the signal-to-interference ratio of the received signals.
increased capacity—Precise control of signal nulls quality and mitigation of interference combine to frequency reuse reduce distance (or cluster size), improving capacity. Certain adaptive technologies (such as space division multiple access) support the reuse of frequencies within the same cell.
spatial diversity—Composite information from the array is used to minimize fading and other undesirable effects of multi path propagation.
Multi Path rejection—can reduce the effective delay spread of the channel, allowing higher bit rates to be supported without the use of an equalizer
power efficiency—combines the inputs to multiple elements to optimize available processing gain in the downlink (toward the user)
reduced expense—Lower amplifier costs, power consumption, and higher reliability will result.

35. 3G UMTS Radio Interface Smart Antenna Switched Beam
Multiple direction orientated fixed beams
Multiple beams can be combined to improve the quality of the signal
Each of the beams is referred to as a Macro sector
The macro sector with the strongest signal in the centre of the antenna will be the one which communications will be directed through
As the user moves the Macro sector to the new highest power
Done by monitoring the strength of the signal
Darker colour shows more sensitive part
of antenna

36. 3G UMTS Radio Interface Adaptive Array Antennas
These devices track a communicating device
The power can be adjusted to exactly what is required for successful communications
They can minimise interference by controlling the power in a particular direction
The transmission of the signal can be directed to the user and follow them.
This removes any interference from other users
Reduces the effect of signal propagation
As the signal is directed

37. 3G UMTS Advantages Integration Range Interference Suppression Capacity
Switched beam can be added to current infrastructure
Adaptive antenna, require consideration to the network and there use
Range
Switched beam can increase range between 20 – 200% over a normal cell
Depending on local conditions
Switched beam power can not be adapted as the user moves, as the power and shape are pre-defined
Adaptive Array can cover larger area due to the directing of the signals to a device
Interference Suppression
Switched beam Interference from beams which are away from where they are expected are ignored
As the beams are pre-determined at the development stage, interference is still possible
Switched Beam has problems with interference from device which are close to the BS
Adaptive array is more resistant to interference as the signal is narrowed towards the actual device
Capacity
See next slide

38. 3G UMTS Smart Antenna Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
More efficient use of the allocated frequency
By controlling
Amount of interference
Multi-path Propagation
Multi-path interference
Allowing 2 users in the same cell to use the same transmission slot
Potentially having a single user per allocation slot
This is more of a consideration with WCDMA rather than GSM tech

39. 3G UMTS Smart Antenna Where can this technology be used?
Although it is now being discussed for 3G
It can be use anywhere
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, PDC
UMTS, CDMA2000
WI-FI, HIPERLAN
The technology is now coming available and this respect it is considered more for 3G

40. 3G UMTS
W-CDMA
Infrastructure

41. 3G UMTS W-CDMA – UTRAN GSM UMTS
The core network for 3G will remain the same as GSM
This is a purely cost issue, in the future the infrastructure will be upgraded
GSM
UMTS
Mobile device/station (MS)
User Equipment (UE)
Base Station (BS)
Node-B
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Radio Network Controller (RNC)

42. 3G UMTS W-CDMA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
A device which wishes to communicate need’s to request access to the network
This is to prevent too many devices communicating at once
Although CDMA will theoretically allow a very large number of user to communicate at once
What actually happens is the quality of the calls is reduced considerably
This is a issue for voice but is a disaster for data calls

43. 3G UMTS W-CDMA Handover UMTS will use a soft handover technique
GSM used a hard handover technique
In a handover the device is always attached to at least one BS
Node-B
Node-B
Node-B
Node-B
Node-B

44. – 3G UMTS
Virtual Home
As a part of the ITU standard the Virtual Home Environment (VHE) will be supported.
In 2G a VLR was used to allow the transfer of personal information
A VHE will take this one stage further
This will provide a common look and feel interface
This is independent of the location, connecting network and device
It is envisaged that this will be used on both circuit switched and packet switched networks
How this will be achieved is undecided at the moment

45. – 3G UMTS 3G UMTS is working in one part of the UK
Isle of man has the equipment to use 3G
This equipment is run and operated by O2
The license spectrum used on this island was given free by the government
The actual devices used were given to some of the islanders
The idea was to trial the equipment in a limited manner
Also they wanted to see if there was a pattern of usage for the technology i.e. the killer app
As it is known now they have not found the single killer app, like SMS was for GSM
Japan
When we consider Japan for the killer app it was !
3G bandwidth is not needed for !

46. 3G UMTS
UMTS Worldwide usage

47. UMTS Links Details of the 3G license auction (UK)
UMTS standards documents