1. Work and Machines
Chapter 3

2. Lesson 1- Work and Power What is work?
any time a force is exerted on an object that causes the object to move
the object must move in the same direction in which the force is exerted.
No movement of object = no work done no matter how much force is used

3. Different directions = NO WORK...

4. Some work is done.

5. Most work is done.

6. How do you calculate work?
Work = Force X Distance
Work = (N) X (m)
Work = _____ N.m
Therefore the SI unit for Work is called a JOULE. (1 J = force of 1N to move an object a distance of 1 meter)

7. 90N X 30 m = 2700 J (force X Distance)
180 N X 60 m = J ( 4 times more)

8. What is Work Demonstration… Worksheet 71 with discussion

9. What is Power? the rate at which work is done
Power = Work Force X Distance
Time Time
Unit for Power is watt
1J/s = 1 W

10. Pinwheel Demo… (15 seconds)
Is work done on the pinwheel? Explain.
How are the two situations different?
Which situation involved more power? Explain.

11. Investigating Power: pg 72
You and your partner will be completing this investigation.
Use your time wisely!

12. Understanding Machines
Lesson 2
Understanding Machines

13. Input force This is the force you exert.
You exert this force over a specific distance.
(input work)

14. Output Force This is the force the machine exerts
The machine also moves a specific distance
(output work)

15. Output distance and force

16. What does a machine do? Makes work easier by
changing the amount of force your exert OR
changing the distance over which you exert your force OR
changing the direction in which you exert your force

17. Machines don’t change the amount of work you do, but they do change the way you do the work.

18. Changing Force
If a machine allows you to use less input force, you must apply that force over a greater distance.

19. Changing Force Work = Force X Distance Let’s Say: My force is 5 N
and the distance is 2 m;
5 N x 2 m = 10 J of work
If the amount of work stay the same,
a decrease of force means an increase of distance.
If I put 2N of force, then my distance would be 5m to equal 10 J of work.

20. Changing Distance
If a machine allows you to move your input force over a shorter distance, than you need to apply a greater input force.

21. Changing Distance
Large
input
force
Large
output
distance

22. Change Direction
Some machines don’t change in either force or distance, they change the direction of the force.
Small input force
large input distance
large output distance
Small output force

23. Mechanical Advantage
The number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it.
The ratio of output force to input force
Mechanical Advantage = output force
input force

24. What happens when you increase Force?
When the output force is greater than the input force - mechanical advantage > 1
YES
15N / 10N = 1.5
Greater

25. What happens when distance increases?
When a machine increases distance, the output force (machine’s force) is less than the input force (your force).
Mechanical advantage is < 1

26. What happens when direction changes?
Input force = output force
Mechanical advantage is 1.
The larger the mechanical advantage, the easier a machine makes your work.

27. What is efficiency?
The machine’s (output) work is always less than your (input) work because the machine has to overcome the force of friction.
The less work a machine has to do to overcome friction, the more efficient it is.

28. To calculate efficiency...
Output work
X 100%
Input work

29. Inclined Planes and Levers
Lesson 3
Inclined Planes and Levers

30. Simple Machines: Inclined Planes - Flat sloped surface
Wedge - device that is thick on one end and tapers to a thin edge at the other
Screw - be thought of as an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.

32. Levers: Rigid bar that is free to pivot, or rotate on a fixed point.
That fixed point is called a fulcrum
Types of levers are classified according to the location of the fulcrum relative to the input and output forces.

33. Types of Levers: 1st Class

34. Types of Levers: 2nd Class

35. Types of Levers: 3rd Class

36. More Examples of Levers:

37. Putting Machines Together
Lesson 4
Putting Machines Together

38. PULLEY Systems
Simple Machine made of a grooved wheel with a cable or rope wrapped around it.

39. Types of Pulleys: Fixed
Changes the direction of the force but not the amount applied:

40. Types of Pulleys: Movable
Decreases the amount of input force needed. It doesn’t change the direction of the force.

41. Type of Pulleys: Block and Tackle
A pulley system make up of fixed and movable pulleys.

42. Wheel and Axle
Two connected objects that rotate about a common axis.