Effectively Communicating Your Research

Name: Effectively Communicating Your Research
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Description: Effectively Communicating Your Research

Effectively Communicating Your Research
Download at: edanzediting.com/ntu Author Workshop: Effectively Communicating Your Research National Taiwan University 26 March 2014 Jeffrey Robens, PhD

Effectively Communicating Your Research
Download at: edanzediting.com/fju Author Workshop: Effectively Communicating Your Research Fu Jen University 26 March 2014 Jeffrey Robens, PhD

University of Pennsylvania
About Jeff… University of Pennsylvania Author Peer reviewer Senior Editor

Be an effective communicator
S Your goal should not only to be published, but also to be widely read/cited in the field Choose the best journal to reach your target audience Logically present your research in your manuscript Prepare effective titles and abstracts Convey the significance of your work to journal editors Properly revise your manuscript after peer review Learn by example Learn the difference between good and bad writing

Download at: edanzediting.com/ntu
Section 1 Journal selection

Download at: edanzediting.com/fju
Section 1 Journal selection

Factors to consider when choosing a journal
Aims & scope Readership Open access Indexing Which factor is most important to you?

Evaluating significance
How new are your findings? Novelty How broadly relevant are your findings? Relevance What are the important real-world applications? Appeal

Journal Selector – www.edanzediting.com/journal_selector
Insert your proposed abstract

Recommended journals Filter by: Impact factor Publishing frequency Open access

Semantic matching terms Journal’s IF, aims & scope, and publication frequency Similar published articles Have they published similar articles recently? Have you cited some of these articles?

Tips to identify the most suitable journal
Identify the interests of the journal editor Editorials Review articles Special issues Learn by example Learn the difference between good and bad writing

Journal editor’s interests Journal A Journal B Journal C Editorials Review articles Special issues Editorials Review articles Special issues Editorials Review articles Special issues Learn by example Learn the difference between good and bad writing Manuscript

Identify the interests of the journal editor Editorials Review articles Special issues Identify the interests of the readers Most viewed Most cited Learn by example Learn the difference between good and bad writing

Reader’s interests Journal A Journal B Journal C Most viewed Most cited Most viewed Most cited Most viewed Most cited Learn by example Learn the difference between good and bad writing Manuscript

Section 2 Manuscript structure

Use your figures to structure your manuscript
Where to start? Figure 1 Logical presentation Your findings are why you want to publish your work Form the basis of your manuscript First step, is to logically organize your findings Table 1 Figure 2 Is anything missing? ? Additional analyses? Figure 3

Use your figures to structure your manuscript
Where to start? Figure 1 Logical presentation Your findings are why you want to publish your work Form the basis of your manuscript First step, is to logically organize your findings Table 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 New data Figure 4

Prepare an outline Now that you know what findings you are going to present, you know what you need to write about Introduction What background information you will introduce Methods What analyses you will describe Results What findings you will present Discussion What interpretations, limitations, and implications you will discuss

Current state of the field
Introduction Aims General introduction Current state of the field Problem in the field Specific aims

Literature review Previous What did earlier studies show? studies
How did these lead to more recent studies? What are the knowledge gaps? What is your hypothesis? “Build your hypothesis” You are writing a story within your manuscript Don’t just cite previous work, what is the underlying theory behind them? State your hypothesis From AMJ: “The key to covering prior work effectively is to look beyond just citing specific empirical results and focus instead on the underlying theoretical issues that are being addressed.” Current study

Writing the Introduction
Identify an important problem State aims that directly address this problem Problem …little has been conducted to qualitatively assess whether self-efficacy and peer influence affect the likelihood of students engaging in academic dishonesty. Aims The purpose of this study is threefold: first, to determine the effect of peer attitudes and behaviour on the likelihood of cheating; secondly, to establish the significance of self-efficacy in promoting academic integrity; lastly, to ascertain effective ways of deterring academic dishonesty. Nora & Zhang Asia Pacific Educ Rev. 2010; 11: 573–584.

Methods Study design Who/what was used How it was done
Participants Instruments Data collection How it was done Methodology/analyses Constructs/parameters Measures/outcomes How it was analyzed Quantification methods Statistical tests Consult a statistician

Results Example: Logical presentation Initial observation
Characterization Application Logical presentation Example: Observe a correlation between depression and Internet use Characterize the severity of depression, time spent online, websites visited Demonstrate decreased Internet use improves severity of depression

Each subsection corresponds to What you found, not what it means
Results Initial observation Characterization Application Logical presentation Each subsection corresponds to one figure Subsections What you found, not what it means Factual description

Discussion Summary of findings Relevance of findings Implications for
Similarities/differences Unexpected results Counter-arguments Limitations Implications for the field

Why your work is important to your readers
Discussion – the end Why your work is important to your readers The Spanish version of AIDA showed good psychometric properties in Mexico and can be used to assess the construct “pathology-related identity integration vs. diffusion” with reliability, validity, and content equivalence in comparison with the original AIDA questionnaire. This finding supports the cross-cultural generalizability of the underlying concept and confirms the importance of culture-specific test adaption in addition to literal translation of the questionnaire. Nevertheless, some items should be improved. Therefore, the test version of “AIDA Spanish – Mexico” should be further adapted and should be tested in a more heterogeneous population. Conclusion Implications Future directions Kassin et al. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2013; 7: 25.

Linking your ideas General background Current state of the field Introduction Methods Results Discussion Problems in the field Objectives Methodology Results and figures Ask how some people read articles… Summary of findings Relevance of findings Implications for the field Logically link your ideas throughout your manuscript

Linking your ideas Introduction Discussion Problem Objectives
…no research has examined how interacting with Facebook influences subjective well-being over time. Problem We addressed this issue by…measuring in-vivo behavior and psychological experience over time. Objectives Discussion Ask how some people read articles… These analyses indicated that Facebook use predicts declines in…subjective well-being… Conclusion Kross et al. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e69841.

Writing effective conclusions
Your conclusion is a summary of your findings Your conclusion should be the answer to your research problem that is supported by your findings Ask how some people read articles… Emphasizes how your study will help advance the field

Jeffrey Robens: jrobens@edanzgroup.com
Any questions? Thank you! Jeffrey Robens: Download and further reading edanzediting.com/ntu Follow us on Twitter @JournalAdvisor Like us on Facebook facebook.com/EdanzEditing

Any questions? Thank you! Jeffrey Robens: Download and further reading edanzediting.com/fju Follow us on Twitter @JournalAdvisor Like us on Facebook facebook.com/EdanzEditing

First impressions are important!
Who’s hungry? First impression of the relevance of your aims, importance of your results, validity of your conclusion, and writing style Need to summarize these points. Emphasize how your conclusion it relevant in the context of the background You are trying to convince your audience to read your paper, so focus on your results and conclusions First impressions are important!

Section 3 Titles and abstracts

Your title should be a concise summary of your most important finding
Effective titles Important points Avoid Summarize key finding Contains keywords Less than 20 words Questions Describing methods Abbreviations “New” or “novel” Your title should be a concise summary of your most important finding

Abstract First impression of your paper Relevance of your aims
Importance of your results Validity of your conclusions First impression of your paper Judge your writing style Probably only part that will be read

Sections of an abstract
Concise summary of your research Background Why the study was done Aims Your hypothesis Methods Analyses Results Most important findings Conclusion Conclusion/implications

Unstructured abstract
Political thought and behavior play an important role in our lives, from ethnic tensions in Europe, to the war in Iraq and the Middle Eastern conflict, to parliamentary and presidential elections. However, little is known about how the individual's political attitudes and decisions are shaped by subtle national cues that are so prevalent in our environment. We report a series of experiments that show that subliminal exposure to one's national flag influences political attitudes, intentions, and decisions, both in laboratory settings and in “real-life” behavior. Furthermore, this manipulation consistently narrowed the gap between those who score high vs. low on a scale of identification with Israeli nationalism. The first two experiments examined participants' stance toward the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Jewish settlers in the West Bank. Experiment 3 examined voting intentions and actual voting in Israel's recently held general elections. The results portray a consistent picture: subtle reminders of one's nationality significantly influence political thought and overt political behavior. Hassin et al. PNAS. 2007; 104: 19757‒19761.

Unstructured abstract
Political thought and behavior play an important role in our lives, from ethnic tensions in Europe, to the war in Iraq and the Middle Eastern conflict, to parliamentary and presidential elections. However, little is known about how the individual's political attitudes and decisions are shaped by subtle national cues that are so prevalent in our environment. Background We report a series of experiments that show that subliminal exposure to one's national flag influences political attitudes, intentions, and decisions, both in laboratory settings and in “real-life” behavior. Methods Furthermore, this manipulation consistently narrowed the gap between those who score high vs. low on a scale of identification with Israeli nationalism. The first two experiments examined participants' stance toward the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Jewish settlers in the West Bank. Experiment 3 examined voting intentions and actual voting in Israel's recently held general elections. Results The results portray a consistent picture: subtle reminders of one's nationality significantly influence political thought and overt political behavior. Conclusion Hassin et al. PNAS. 2007; 104: 19757‒19761.

Journal Editors are busy!

Section 4 Cover letters

Cover letters are the first impression for the Journal Editor
Significance Relevance Is your work important? Cover letters are the first impression for the Journal Editor Abstract: First impression for readers Interesting to their readers? Writing style

“Must-have” statements
A good cover letter Dear Dr Ellenbogen, Please find enclosed our manuscript entitled “Presenteeism among Taiwanese employees: Personality and job stress”, which we would like to submit for publication as a Research Paper in Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal. This study examines presenteeism, the situation in which workers are present at work, but their ability to do their jobs is impaired by physical or mental symptoms. This topic is important to companies as studies have found that the costs of presenteeism can be higher than medical costs associated with treating the underlying conditions. Currently, the relationships between common mental health symptoms and presenteeism, as well as the effects of job strain and workplace social support, are unclear. We aimed to evaluate these relationships and consider the effect of personality traits on both presenteeism and common mental health symptoms. We used an online questionnaire incorporating several well-established and verified questionnaires to assess presenteeism, mental disturbance, job strain and workplace support, and temperament and character. We found that common mental health symptoms are a good predictor of presenteeism. Although workplace social support is generally agreed to reduce the severity of common mental health symptoms, we found no direct effect on presenteeism. Our results clearly link presenteeism to common mental health symptoms, and also show the negative effects of strain and poor workplace support. This study is of interest to researchers, managers, mental health clinicians and occupational health specialists interested in the issue of workplace stress and its management. This study is likely to lead to an improved approach to preventing and managing both presenteeism and common mental health symptoms, and is applicable worldwide. Therefore, we feel this manuscript is particularly suitable for Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal and of great interest to its readers. Editor’s name Manuscript title Publication type Give the background to the research What was done and what was found Interest to journal’s readers We would also like to suggest the following reviewers for our manuscript… Recommend reviewers “Must-have” statements

Disclaimers about publication ethics
Original and unpublished Not submitted to other journals Authors agree on paper/journal “Must-have” statements No conflicts of interest Source of funding Authorship contributions

Recommending reviewers
Where to find them? From your reading/references, networking at conferences How senior? Aim for mid-level researchers Who to avoid? Collaborators (past 5 years), researchers from same institution Look for reviewers who have published in your target journal

Choose internationally
1 or 2 reviewers from Asia 1 or 2 reviewers from Europe 1 or 2 reviewers from North America Journal Editors want to see an international list for 2 reasons: Shows that you are familiar with your field worldwide Shows that your research is relevant worldwide Increased readership → increased citations → increased impact factor

Section 5 Peer review

What reviewers are looking for
Relevant hypothesis Good study design Appropriate methodology Good data analyses Valid conclusions The study Logical flow of information Manuscript structure and formatting Appropriate references High readability Discussion Results and Figures Methods Abstract and Introduction The manuscript

Writing response letters
Dr Mark Ellenbogen Editor-in-Chief Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal 3 September 2013 Dear Dr Ellenbogen, Re: Resubmission of manuscript reference No. WJS Please find attached a revised version of our manuscript originally entitled “Presenteeism among Taiwanese employees: Personality and job stress,” which we would like to resubmit for consideration for publication in the Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal. The reviewer’s comments were highly insightful and enabled us to greatly improve the quality of our manuscript. In the following pages are our point-by-point responses to each of the comments. Revisions in the manuscript are shown as underlined text. In accordance with the first comment, the title has been revised and the entire manuscript has undergone substantial English editing. We hope that the revisions in the manuscript and our accompanying responses will be sufficient to make our manuscript suitable for publication in the Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal. Address editor personally Manuscript ID number Thank reviewers Highlight major changes

Agreeing with reviewers
Reviewer Comment: In your analysis of the data you have chosen to use a somewhat obscure fitting function (regression). In my opinion, a simple Gaussian function would have sufficed. Moreover, the results would be more instructive and easier to compare to previous results. Response: We agree with the reviewer’s assessment of the analysis. Our tailored function, in its current form, makes it difficult to tell that this measurement constitutes a significant improvement over previously reported values. We describe our new analysis using a Gaussian fitting function in our revised Results section (Page 6, Lines 12–18). Agreement Revisions Location

Disagreeing with reviewers
Reviewer Comment: In your analysis of the data you have chosen to use a somewhat obscure fitting function (regression). In my opinion, a simple Gaussian function would have sufficed. Moreover, the results would be more instructive and easier to compare to previous results. Response: Although a simple Gaussian fit would facilitate comparison with the results of other studies, our tailored function allows for the analysis of the data in terms of the Smith model [Smith et al., 1998]. We have now explained the use of this function and the Smith model in our revised Discussion section (Page 12, Lines 2–6).

Disagreeing with reviewers
Reviewer Comment: In your analysis of the data you have chosen to use a somewhat obscure fitting function (regression). In my opinion, a simple Gaussian function would have sufficed. Moreover, the results would be more instructive and easier to compare to previous results. Response: Although a simple Gaussian fit would facilitate comparison with the results of other studies, our tailored function allows for the analysis of the data in terms of the Smith model [Smith et al., 1998]. We have now explained the use of this function and the Smith model in our revised Discussion section (Page 12, Lines 2–6). Evidence Revisions Location

“Unfair” reviewer comments
Reviewer comment: Currently, the authors’ conclusion that this questionnaire is appropriate for cross-cultural analyses is not completely valid because their participants all resided in Taiwan. They should also show the questionnaire’s validity in participants living in other countries. Reasons why reviewers might make these comments Current results are not appropriate for the impact factor of the journal Reviewer is being “unfair”

“Unfair” reviewer comments
What you should do Do the experiments, revise, and resubmit to the same journal Withdraw submission and resubmit current manuscript to a journal with a different scope or lower impact factor Contact the journal editor if you feel reviewer is being unfair

If rejected, what should you do?
Option 1: New submission to the same journal Fully revise manuscript Prepare point-by-point responses Include the original manuscript ID number Option 2: New submission to a different journal Revise manuscript Reformat according to the author guidelines Chinese: Can I address all the reviewers comments in a revised manuscript? 我能在修改稿中回复所有审稿意见吗？ If the answer is no. Then he should modify his manuscript as much as he can and submit to a different journal. Its important to incorporate reviewers commnets. Experts in the your field have taken the time to provide their opinion, so its important that you spend time to revise your manuscript and make the necessary changes to improve the science or language. A revised MS has higher chance of being accepted than a non revised MS. So getting back to Dr. Long, he has decided to submit his revised manuscript to a different journal- this time he has chosen Applied Nanoscience.

If accepted, what’s next?
Promote your work on social networks Twitter, LinkedIn Respond to post-publication comments Present your work at conferences Allows you to discuss your work personally with your peers Get feedback about your work and future directions Networking and collaborations Chinese: Can I address all the reviewers comments in a revised manuscript? 我能在修改稿中回复所有审稿意见吗？ If the answer is no. Then he should modify his manuscript as much as he can and submit to a different journal. Its important to incorporate reviewers commnets. Experts in the your field have taken the time to provide their opinion, so its important that you spend time to revise your manuscript and make the necessary changes to improve the science or language. A revised MS has higher chance of being accepted than a non revised MS. So getting back to Dr. Long, he has decided to submit his revised manuscript to a different journal- this time he has chosen Applied Nanoscience.

Be an effective communicator
S Your goal should not only to be published, but also to be widely read/cited in the field Choose the best journal to reach your target audience Logically present your research in your manuscript Prepare effective titles and abstracts Convey the significance of your work to journal editors Properly revise your manuscript after peer review Learn by example Learn the difference between good and bad writing

Any questions? Thank you! Jeffrey Robens: Download and further reading edanzediting.com/ntu Follow us on Twitter @JournalAdvisor Like us on Facebook facebook.com/EdanzEditing

Any questions? Thank you! Jeffrey Robens: Download and further reading edanzediting.com/fju Follow us on Twitter @JournalAdvisor Like us on Facebook facebook.com/EdanzEditing

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