1. Genghis Khan and Mongol Eurasian Integration

2. DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION
Which of the following is an accurate characterization of both the Incan and Yuan dynasties?
Both civilizations developed strict social class hierarchies, in which upward mobility was difficult
Peasant uprisings were responsible for the establishment of both civilizations
Both the Yuan and the Inca depended on trade as their primary economic activity
Both civilizations flourished under control of outside invaders.

3. DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION
The Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates, which governed all of the following lands except
Russia
Persia
Japan
Ukriane

4. QUICK WRITE:
What would you argue are the two strongest impacts or most lasting legacies of Mongol rule?

5. Nomadic Peoples Nomadic economy and society
Organized into clans with related languages
Central Asia’s steppes: good for grazing, little rain, few rivers
Nomads and their animals; few settlements
Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles
Lived mostly on animal products
Also produced limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, iron

6. Nomadic Peoples and Their Animals
Sheep
Goats
Horses
Mare’s milk
Flock survival

7. Nomadic Peoples and Their Housing and Clothing
Gers/Yurts
Robes - dei

8. Caravan Trade Interaction
Nomads and settled peoples sought trade, were prominent on caravan routes

9. Nomadic Class System Fluidity of classes in nomadic society
Two social classes; nobles and commoners
Autonomous clans and tribes

10. Religion Shamans Buddhism Nestorian Christianity By the tenth century
… Islam

11. Religion of Genghis Khan

12. Military Organization
Khan – “RULER”
Organized vast confederation of individual tribes for expansion
Outstanding cavalry forces
Formidable military power

13. The Mongol Empires Genghis Khan and the making of the Mongol Empire
Genghis Khan unified Mongol tribes through alliances and conquests
Why was unification necessary?
Tribal group v. Mongol identity
Khan’s personal mission
Trade disruption
Ecology –

14. Mongol Political Organization
Organized new military units and broke up tribal affiliations
Units based on ten…100…1000…
Leaders had close relationship with Genghis
Chose high officials based on talent and loyalty
Established capital at Karakorum

16. Mongol Strategy Horsemanship Archers Mobility Psychological warfare
Feigned withdrawal

17. Mongol Siege Warfare:

18. Mongol Siege Warfare:

19. Mongol Conquest of Northern China
Genghis Khan, Mongols raided the Jurchen in north China beginning in 1211
Controlled north China by 1220
South China was still ruled by Song dynasty

20. Mongol Conquest of Persia
Genghis Khan tried to open trade and diplomatic relations with Saljuq leader Khwarazm shah, the ruler of Persia in 1218
Upon being rejected, Genghis Khan led force to pursue Khwarazm
Mongol forces destroyed Persian cities

21. Death of Genghis Khan
Died in 1227 having laid foundation for a mighty empire

22. Mongol Division After Genghis Heirs Divide into Four Regional Empires….
Kubilai Khan-China
Genghis Khan’s grandson
Consolidated Mongol rule in China
Promoted Buddhism, supported the Daoists, Muslims, and Christians

23. Conquest of Southern China
Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all of China
Song capital at Hangzhou fell in 1276
Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279
Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan

24. The Golden Horde Group of Mongols overran Russia between 1237 and 1241
Jochi and later Batu will rule…
Batu – r
Further overran Poland, Hungary and eastern Germany, 1241 – 1242
Maintained hegemony in Russia until the mid-fifteenth century

25. The Ilkhanate of Persia
Khubilai’s brother, Hulegu captured Baghdad in 1258
Mongol rule in Persia
Persians served as ministers, governors, and local officials
Mongols cared only about taxes and order
Ilkan Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295
Massacres of Jews and Christians followed

26. Mongol Rule in China 1206 Temujin chosen Genghis Khan of the Mongols
1227 Death of Genghis Khan
Mongols conquer northern China in 1234
1265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 1294
1271 founding of the Yuan Empire
Mongol conquest of the Southern Song
1368 Ming Empire founded

27. Mongols in China
1265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan – rules till death in 1294
By 1279 the Mongols are in control of China
Yuan Dynasty
Short conquest – 1368 the Ming Dynasty is founded

28. Mongol Khanates

29. Diplomatic Missions
The four Mongol empires maintained close diplomatic communications
Khanate of Chagatai
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Khanate of the Great Khan
Ilkanate of the Great Khan
Established diplomatic relations with Korea, Vietnam, India, Europe

30. Mongol Rule in China Four Classes Mongols
Central Asians and the Middle Easterners
Northern Chinese
Southern Chinese

31. Mongol Rule in China
Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese
Forbade Chinese from learning the Mongol language
Brought foreign administrators into China and put them in charge
Tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China

32. Mongol Ruling Elite
Became enchanted with the Lamaist (Vajrayana) Buddhism of Tibet
Universal leader concept

33. The Mongols and Eurasian Integration
The Mongols and trade
Mongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure safety of merchants
Elaborate courier network with relay stations
Maintained good order for traveling merchants, ambassadors, and missionaries

34. Resettlement
Mongols needed skilled artisans and educated individuals from other places
Often resettled them in different locations to provide services
Uigher Turks served as clerks, secretaries, and administrators
Arab and Persian Muslims also served Mongols far from their homelands
Skilled artisans were often sent to Karakorum; became permanent residents

35. Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China
Had been established by Hulegu by 1260
Ghazan – declared himself a Muslim in 1295
Decline of the Il-kanate state
In Persia, excessive spending and overexploitation led to reduced revenues
Failure of the Il-khan’s paper money
Factional struggle plagued the Mongol leadership
The last ruler died without an heir; the Il-khanate collapsed

36. Decline of the Yuan Dynasty
Seen as outsiders
Traditional Chinese & outside religions
Rebellions among farmers
Paper money issued by the Mongol rulers lost value
Power struggles, assassinations, and civil war weakened Mongols after 1320s

37. Bubonic Plague In southwest China in 1330s
Spread through Asia and Europe
Depopulation and labor shortage undermined the Mongol regime
By 1368 the Chinese drove the Mongols back to the steppes

38. Surviving Mongol Khanates
The Khanate of Chaghati continued in central Asia
Later –
Timur / Tamerlane
The Golden Horde survived until the mid-sixteenth century
Batu Khan
Sarai – near Volga River

39. Checking for Understanding:
Why is it argued by historians that the Mongols changed the world, or helped to make the world ‘modern’?

40. RECOVERY IN CHINA The Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu) overthrew Mongol rule and established the Ming dynasty in 1368
Ming centralization of government revived Chinese traditions
Reestablished Confucian educational and civil service systems
Emperor ruled China directly without the aid of chief ministers
Mandarins and eunuchs maintained absolute authority of emperors
Mandarins represented central government to local authorities
Eunuchs could not build family fortunes

41. The Ming Dynasty
Map

42. Ming Dynasty Promoted Economic Recovery
Repaired irrigation systems
Agricultural productivity soared
Promoted manufacture of porcelain, silk, and cotton textiles
Trade within Asia flourished with increased production

43. Cultural Revival Actively promoted neo-Confucianism
Yongle – encyclopedia – massive anthology of cultural traditions

44. The Chinese Reconnaissance
Zheng He’s expeditions
Ming emperors permitted foreigners to trade in Quanzhou and Guangzhou
Refurbished navy and sent seven ships into Indian Ocean
Purposes of expedition?
Largest marine crafts in the world…

45. The Treasure Ships

46. Chinese Naval Power
Visited southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, Arabia, and east Africa
Zheng He’s voyages were diplomatic-exchange of gifts and envoys
Also military – used force to impress foreign powers – ex. coastal pirates
Voyages enhanced Chinese reputation in the Indian Ocean basin

47. End of Voyages 1433 New emperor
Confucian ministers mistrusted foreign alliances
Resources redirected to agriculture and defense of northern borders
Technology of building ships was forgotten, charts destroyed

48. Zheng He

49. Forbidden City 183 acres 32 feet tall wall 1406 construction begins
14 years
200,000 men
75 buildings, 9,999 rooms

50. Map of the Forbidden City

51. Hall of Supreme Harmony
Major Structure

52. Hall of Earthly Peace
Residence of Empress

53. Hall of Protective Harmony
Banquet Hall

54. The Ming Emperor and Empress

55. From the Air….