1. 3.3.1- 3.3.5 Le Châtelier's Principle
Unit 3: equilibrium
Le Châtelier's Principle

2. Le Châtelier's Principle
If a system at equilibrium is subjected to an external stress, the equilibrium will shift to  minimize the effects of that stress.
Copper sulfate demo
Cu(H2O)4 + 4NH3 Cu(NH3) H20

3. 3.3.2 Changes in Concentration
Consider the following equilibrium system: Fe3+(aq)+ SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq)
(colourless) (red)
If more Fe3+ is added to the reaction, what will happen?
According to Le Châtelier's Principle, the system will react to minimize the stress.
Since Fe3+ is on the reactant side of this reaction, the rate of the forward reaction will increase in order to "use up" the additional reactant. This will cause the equilibrium to shift to the right, producing more FeSCN2+. For this particular reaction we will be able to see that this as happened, as the solution will become a darker red colour.

4. There are a few different ways we can say what happens here when we add more Fe3+; these all mean the same thing:
equilibrium shifts to the right
equilibrium shifts to the product side
the forward reaction is favoured

5. What happens?
How does this cause the concentrations of the reaction participants to change?
Fe3+-since this is what was added to cause the stress, the concentration of Fe3+ will increase.  (a shorthand way to indicate this: [Fe3+] ↑) 
SCN--equilibrium will shift to the right, which will uses up the reactants. The concentration of SCN- decreases (or [SCN-] ↓)
FeSCN2+-as the forward reaction rate increases, more products are produced, so the concentration of FeSCN2+ will increase. ([FeSCN2+] ↑)

6. How about the value of Keq
How about the value of Keq? The concentration of some reaction participants have increased, while others have decreased. Once equilibrium has re- established itself, the value of Keq will be unchanged.
* The value of Keq does not change when changes in concentration cause a shift in equilibrium. *

7. What if we add more FeSCN2+?
Again, equilibrium will shift to use up the added substance. In this case, equilibrium will shift to favour the reverse reaction, to use up the additional FeSCN2+.
equilibrium shifts to the left
equilibrium shifts to the reactant side
the reverse reaction is favoured
How do the concentrations of reaction participants change?
[Fe3+] ↑ as the reverse reaction is favoured. [SCN-] ↑ as the reverse reaction is favoured. [FeSCN2+] ↑ because this is the substance that was added

8. Concentration can also be changed by removing a substance from the reaction. This is often accomplished by adding another substance that reacts with something already in the reaction.

9. How do the concentrations of reaction participants change?
Let's remove SCN- from the system. What will happen now? Equilibrium will shift to replace SCN- . The reverse reaction will be favoured because that is the direction that produces more SCN-.
How do the concentrations of reaction participants change?
[Fe3+] ↑ as the reverse reaction is favoured.[SCN-] ↑ as the reverse reaction is favoured. [FeSCN2+] ↓ because it is being used up to produce more [SCN-].

10. Practice problems 3.3.1

11. 3.3.3 Changes in Volume & Pressure
Changing the pressure or volume of an equilibrium system will only affect the reaction if gases are present.
Equal volumes of gases contain an equal number of particles and, one mole of gas occupies a volume of L. So, two moles of any gas will occupy a volume of 44.8 L and one-half mole would occupy L.

12. How does changing pressure and volume affect equilibrium systems?
If you increase the pressure of a system at equilibrium (typically by reducing the volume of the container), the stress will best be reduced by favouring the side with the fewest moles of gas, since fewer moles will occupy less volume.
If you decrease the pressure (by increasing the volume), equilibrium will shift to favour the side with the most moles of gas, since more moles will occupy a greater volume.
If both sides of the equation have the same number of moles of gas, then there will be no change in the position of equilibrium.

13. When considering the effect of changing volume or pressure on equilibrium systems, be sure to only count the number of moles of GASES on each side of the equation. Solids, liquids, and aqueous solutions are not affected by changing pressure and volume.

14. Example:
Predict the effect on equilibrium when the pressure is increased for the following reaction:
N2O4 (g )   NO2 (g)
The reactant side has 1 mole of a gas; the product side has 2 moles. Increasing the pressure favours the side with the fewest moles of gas, so the equilibrium will shift to the left (or reverse reaction is favoured).

15. Practice Problems 3.3.3

16. 3.3.4 Changes in Temperature
When temperature affects a system at equilibrium, there are two important consequences:
an increase in temperature will favour that reaction direction that absorbs heat (i.e. the endothermic reaction)
the value of Keq will change

17. Consider the following equilibrium system
N2O4 (g )    2 NO2 (g)    ΔH° = kJ
We see by the sign of ΔH° that the forward reaction is endothermic. Heat is absorbed when the forward reaction proceeds
By adding more heat, equilibrium will shift to use up the additional heat, thus favouring this forward direction.

18. Why will Keq change,
When temperature changes cause an equilibrium shift, one entire side of the reaction equation is favoured over the other side. Mathematically, this will alter the value of Keq as follows:
Keq = [products]
[reactants]
if the forward reaction is favoured:
more products are produced; fewer reactants
Keq will increase
if the reverse reaction is favoured:
fewer products; more reactants
Keq will decrease

19. Removing heat (making the system colder) will favour the exothermic reaction - the exothermic reaction releases heat to the surroundings, thus "replacing" the heat that has been removed.
Adding heat (making system warmer) will favor the endothermic reaction

20. 3.3.5 Addition of a Catalyst
How will adding a catalyst affect the following:
N2 (g) + O2 (g)   NO(g)
Adding a catalyst will not affect the position of an equilibrium. A catalyst speeds up both the forward and the reverse reactions. Generally, a catalyst will help a reaction to reach the point of equilibrium sooner, but it will not affect the equilibrium otherwise.

21. Practice Problems 3.3.5
Assignment 3.3.5
Le Chatelier’s principle Lab