1. Newton’s Laws
Easy as apple pie!

2. Force Force a push or a pull force of table g
Causes object to start or stop moving or change direction
force of table g

3. Newton’s 1st Law
Greeks thought that the natural state of an object was at rest.
ex. A ball stops rolling
without friction an object would never stop!
Newton’s 1st an object in motion tends to stay in motion; an object at rest tends to stay at rest

4. Newton’s 1st Law
Inertia property of matter that resists a change in motion
An object with great mass has high inertia

5. Newton’s 2nd Law f = m x a A 50N B 100N FA = 1000 kg x 0.05 m/s/s FA =
FB = 2000 kg x m/s/s
FB =
100N

6. Newton’s 2nd Law Force = mass x acceleration
An object will only accelerate if there is an unbalanced force

7. Newton’s 3rd Law
For every action there is and equal and opposite reaction
The astronaut pushes on the rock and the rock pushes on the astronaut

8. Newton’s 3rd Law
For every action there is and equal and opposite reaction
A bird pushes down on the air and the air pushes up on the bird

9. Newton’s 3rd Law
Note: Equal and opposite forces does not result in equal acceleration if the masses are different.

10. Newton’s Laws
1st Law: (inertia: objects tend to do what they are doing)
cannon ball will rest until a force is put on it
ball will roll straight until ramp puts a force on it
2nd Law: (f = m x a)
greater force put on ball accelerates it more
greater mass of ball but greater force on water
3rd Law: (every action has an equal but opposite reaction)
ball moves right, cannon recoils left
ball move down, water splashes up
Newton's Laws - YouTube

11. Gravity
force of hand g
With the upward force of the floor equilibrium is attained and there is no motion
Without the upward force of the hand there is not equilibrium of forces and motion occurs

12. Gravity: air resistance
Opposes downward motion of falling objects.
Larger surface areas increases air resistance

13. Which Law???
F=ma
Inertia

14. Which Law???
The pellet has entered the egg at the left side but not exited yet. One second later there was raw egg all over the work table and the backdrop.
F=ma, Inertia

15. Which Law???
Action-reaction
Inertia

16. Which Law???
F=ma
Inertia
Action-reaction

17. Which Law???
Inertia F=ma Action-reaction

18. Free Body Diagrams
A force diagram, which is also known as a free body diagram, is a sketch in which all the force vectors acting on an object are drawn with their initial points at the location of the object.

19. Opposition to Motion razor's edge
Friction a force that opposes motion
Caused by rough surfaces of all materials
razor's edge

20. 3 Types of Friction
1. Sliding when solid objects grind over each other
puck and ice
2. Rolling wheels spinning on an axle
skateboards eventually roll to a stop
3. Fluid liquids or gases slow the motion of a solid
wind resistance
oil a squeaky hinge
pushes a surfer

21. Free-body diagrams
Free-body diagrams are used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting on an object.

22. This diagram shows four forces acting upon an object
This diagram shows four forces acting upon an object. There aren’t always four forces, For example, there could be one, two, or three forces.

23. Problem 1
A book is at rest on a table top. Diagram the forces acting on the book.
In this diagram, there are normal and gravitational forces on the book.

24. Problem 2
An egg is free-falling from a nest in a tree. Neglect air resistance. Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces involved.

25. Gravity is the only force acting on the egg as it falls.

26. Problem 3
A flying squirrel is gliding (no wing flaps) from a tree to the ground at constant velocity. Consider air resistance. A free body diagram for this situation looks like…

27. Gravity pulls down on the squirrel while air resistance keeps the squirrel in the air for a while.

28. Problem 4
A rightward force is applied to a book in order to move it across a desk. Consider frictional forces. Neglect air resistance. Construct a free-body diagram. Let’s see what this one looks like.

29. Note the larger applied force arrow pointing to the right since the book is accelerating to the right. Friction force opposes the direction of motion. The force due to gravity and normal forces are balanced.

30. Problem 5
A skydiver is descending with a constant velocity. Consider air resistance. Draw a free-body diagram.

31. Gravity pulls down on the skydiver, while air resistance pushes up as she falls.

32. Problem 6
A man drags a sled across loosely packed snow with a rightward acceleration. Draw a free-body diagram.

33. The applied force arrow points to the right and is larger than the frictional force since the object is accelerating. Since the sled is on the ground, the normal and gravitational force are balanced.

34. Problem 7
A football is moving upwards toward its peak after having been booted by the punter. Draw a free-body diagram. (Neglect air friction)

35. The force of gravity is the only force described. (no air resistance).

36. Problem 8
A car runs out of gas and is coasting down a hill.

37. The car is coasting down the hill, there is dragging friction of the road (left pointing arrow) as well as gravity and normal forces, but no applied force.

38. Net Force
Now let’s take a look at what happens when unbalanced forces do not become completely balanced (or cancelled) by other individual forces.
An unbalanced forces exists when the vertical and horizontal forces do not cancel each other out.

39. Example 1
Notice the upward force of 1200 Newtons (N) is more than gravity (800 N). The net force is 400 N up.

40. Example 2
Notice that while the normal force and gravitation forces are balanced (each are 50 N) the force of friction results in unbalanced force on the horizontal axis. The net force is 20 N left.

41. Another way to look at balances and unbalanced forces

42. Balanced or unbalanced?
Accelerating – Unbalanced
Constant velocity –balanced
deccelerating – Unbalanced

43. Balanced or Unbalanced?

44. Which objects are moving?