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CHAPTER 18 INDUSTRY & URBAN GROWTH
CHAPTER 18 I CAN STATEMENT I CAN UNDERSTAND HOW INDUSTRIALIZATION INCREASED THE SPEED OF CHANGE IN THE UNITED STATES
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Bullet points p. 637 Read pgs
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Section1 A New Industrial Revolution
I CAN UNDERSTAND HOW CONDITIONS IN THE U.S. SPURRED THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
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ASSIGNMENT Do Time Line of inventions From 1851 – Due Thursday. At least 15 items.
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TIME LINE EXAMPLE
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NEW INVENTIONS & DISCOVERIES
Bessemer Process – Steel – 1851 Oil in Pennsylvania – 1859 Sholes’ typewriter Transcontinental RR – 1869 Bell’s telephone Edison’s phonograph – 1877 Edison light bulb – 1879 Edison power plant – 1882 Matzeliger’s shoe making machine – 1883 1st practical auto – Benz – Germany Eastman’s camera – 1888 1st U.S. production car – Duryea – 1893 1st motion picture camera – Louis Lumiere – France 1st powered flight – Wright brothers – 1903 Assembly line perfected – Henry Ford 1913
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Bessemer Process
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Oil in Pennsylvania
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Sholes’ typewriter
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Transcontinental RR – 1869
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Bell’s telephone
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Edison’s phonograph – 1877
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Edison light bulb – 1879
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Edison power plant – 1882
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Matzeliger’s shoe making machine – 1883
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1st practical auto – Benz – 1885 - Germany
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Eastman’s camera – 1888
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1st U.S. production car – Duryea – 1893
Charles – born Canton, IL 1861
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Louis Lumiere – Movie Camera France - 1895
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1st powered flight – Wright brothers – 1903
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Assembly line perfected – Henry Ford 1913
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Bullet points p. 637 Read pgs
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Ch 18 Sec 4 The New Immigrants
I can understand how the experience of immigrants was both positive and negative
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Between 1865 and 1915 – 25 million immigrants to U.S.
Statistics Between 1865 and 1915 – 25 million immigrants to U.S. This is more than the U.S. population in 1850
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Reasons LAND Amount of European farmland shrinking while populations grew RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Jews from Russia Christians from Turkey
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U.S. companies recruited from overseas
Reasons POLITICAL UNREST 1910 Mexican Revolution JOBS U.S. companies recruited from overseas
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Reasons FREEDOM Drew people who wanted democracy and liberty
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Immigrant Divisions Early 1800’s Late 1800’s
Most from Northern and Western Europe Most Protestant Spoke English Knew some democracy From Southern or Eastern Europe Most Catholic or Jewish Few spoke English Little knowledge of democracy
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A New Life Difficult decision to leave Miserable trip
Most took trip in steerage – large compartments that usually held cattle
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Difficult Trip Crowded conditions Little ventilation Sea sick
Easy to catch diseases
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Ellis Island Arrivals from Europe through Ellis Island
Physical examinations Disabled or sick sent back
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Who Came
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Where Did They Go 2/3 stayed in cities Mulberry St. Little Italy
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ASSIMILATION Immigration Societies helped
Older people clung with traditions Younger people adapted easily Education
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EDUCATION “The essence of American opportunity, the treasure that no thief can touch Surer, safer than bread or butter.”
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5 year wait (unless joined military – then 1 year) Speak English
Naturalization 5 year wait (unless joined military – then 1 year) Speak English Give up previous citizenship Law abiding
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Naturalization 2 witnesses Not a polygamist Not an anarchist Minor children citizens when parents are
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Contributions
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Contributions
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Contributions NEW FOODS Spaghetti Chow Mein Bagels
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Famous Immigrants Alexander Graham Bell – Scotland Samuel Goldwyn – Poland Louis Mayer – Ukraine Arturo Toscanini – Italy Leo Baekeland - Belgium
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Nativism The policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants. Political thought against immigrants BECAUSE
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WHAT DOES THIS SOUND LIKE?
Nativism Different languages “ religions “ customs Immigrants are violent “ are criminals “ are anarchists WHAT DOES THIS SOUND LIKE?
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Response Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882
Immigrants required to read and write – 1917 Violence against immigrants Discrimination
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Bullet Points p. 637 Read pgs
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Ch 18 Sec 2 Big Business & Organized Labor
I CAN UNDERSTAND HOW BIG BUSINESS CHANGED THE WORKPLACE AND GAVE RISE TO ORGANIZED LABOR
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Business were no longer small shops producing goods
Ch 18 Sec 2 Business were no longer small shops producing goods Now business was factories, employing many and producing goods
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THE MADDOX WIDGET FACTORY
How did they do it? Corporations – Businesses owned by many people, investors. EXAMPLE THE MADDOX WIDGET FACTORY
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Banks loaned money to corporations
BANKING Banks loaned money to corporations Corporations paid it back with interest What is interest?
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Growth of Big Business Monopolies
Businesses that controlled all of the business Example – The Maddox Widget business owns the factory, the supplies to make the widgets, the shipping of the widgets and the sale of the widgets.
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Examples Andrew Carnegie
Started in RR’s Gained control of steel making industry Made more steel than all steel mills in England WHAT DID HE OWN?
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EXAMPLES JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
Age 23, invested in an oil refinery Profits bought other oil companies Created many corporations controlled by one board of directors This is called a trust Standard Oil Co.
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EXAMPLES Meatpacking Sugar refining Copper wire
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Trusts and Monopolies The Debate
GOOD Builds the economy Creates jobs Keeps prices low Consumers can afford products BAD Threat to free enterprise Unfairly eliminates competition Corrupts politicians
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HOW DOES THIS AFFECT WORKERS?
SOCIAL DARWINISM DARWINISM – Only the strongest and best survive – Survival of the fittest SOCIAL DARWINISM – Only the strongest and fittest companies survive HOW DOES THIS AFFECT WORKERS?
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Before the war, business owners knew their employees
The Workplace Before the war, business owners knew their employees In big factories, a worker was just a number
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WORKERS Women and Children Textile (clothes and garments) industry Tobacco factories Bottle factories Mines
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NO WORKERS COMPENSATION
Dangerous Conditions Breathing dust from factories and mines Molten metal burned and killed steel workers NO WORKERS COMPENSATION Social Darwinism says survival of the fittest keep prices down
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
March 25, 1911, Fire Exit doors locked to prevent sneaking off the job Firetruck ladders too short 150 dead – mostly women
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Workers Organize Attempts to organize Unions often failed Companies hired security guards to attack union organizers Some state law prohibited strikes
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Knights of Labor 1869 – Philadelphia – Small secret Union
1879 – New leader does not use strikes – uses public rallies Admits women, African Americans, immigrants, unskilled laborers
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Haymarket Square May 4, 1886 – Bomb explosion at a rally
1 police officer dead Police fire on Union members but kill 7 other police officers, wound 60 cops and unknown number of civilians Knights of Labor lose influence
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WHY SKILLED WORKERS ONLY?
AFL 1886 – Samuel Gompers organizes the American Federation of Labor Skilled workers only – No African Americans or immigrants WHY SKILLED WORKERS ONLY? SKILLED WORKERS ARE HARD TO REPLACE
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Collective Bargaining
Union negotiates with management Strikes only as a last resort By 1904, 1 million members
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Depression 1893 – Depression - Production cut - Workers fired
- Wages cut Pullman workers had pay cut 25% but still charged the same for housing
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Pullman Workers go on strike RR’s crippled
President Cleveland sends troops to force workers back to work
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Most Americans see Unions as radical and violent
Backlash Most Americans see Unions as radical and violent Only 3% of Americans in Unions
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Bullet Points p. 6137 Read pgs
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Ch 18 Sec 3 Cities Grow and Change
I CAN UNDERSTAND THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE RAPID GROWTH OF CITIES
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Why it matters The new Industrial Revolution changed the way Americans worked and lived It also changed where they worked and lived
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Urbanization 1860 – 1 in five Americans lived in cities
1890 – 1 in 3 lived in cities Cities attracted industry Industry attracted people Fastest growing cities near water
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Growing up and out New Technology 1. Elevated trains
2. Electric street cars 3. Public transportation 4. Steel bridges 5. Skyscrapers
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Living Patterns Poor families lived in oldest sections
Middle class lived farther out, row houses – apartment buildings Upper class on edge of city
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Problems Fire – 1871 – Great Chicago Fire Tenement life
Few windows, heat or plumbing Garbage ½ of babies died before age 1
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Improvements Streetlights Police and Fire Departments Public Health Departments Hospital – clinics Salvation Army
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Settlement Houses Jane Addams – Hull House – Chicago – 1889
Helping urban poor 1. English lessons 2. Nurseries 3. Music 4. Sports 5. Sponsored legislation to outlaw child labor
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Farm Life – The work is never done
EXCITEMENT Farm Life – The work is never done City Life – Work for the boss then you’re off HOW DOES THIS FEEL??
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Up every mornin’ just to keep a job I gotta fight my way through the hustling mob Sounds of the city poundin’ in my brain While another day goes down the drain
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IF THIS IS YOU, WHAT WOULD YOU WANT?
Tradin’ my time for the pay I get Livin’ on money that I ain’t made yet I’ve been goin’ tryin’ to make my way While I live for the end of the day IF THIS IS YOU, WHAT WOULD YOU WANT?
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Shopping Department stores
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Leisure Museums – Museum of Natural History
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Leisure Orchestras Art Galleries Theatre Circuses
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New York’s Central Park
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Sports Baseball 1st Professional baseball team – 1869 – Cincinnati Red Stockings
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Sports Basketball – 1891 – James Naismith
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Sports Football 44
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Ch 18 Sec 5 Education and Culture
I can understand the causes and effects of an expanded educational system
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Assignment Read pages 632 – 635 Do Ch 18 Sec 5 Key Terms and People – pg. 632 Do Ch 18 Sec 5 Graphic Organizer Quiz Tuesday
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Ch 18 Sec 5 Education and Culture
Before 1870, < ½ of children went to school 1852 – Mass. 1st compulsory education law Most Northern states required education Many Southern states did not require education WHY?? An industrialized society needs educated workers
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High School LOOK AT CHART ON PAGE 633
Most states required 10th grade education Not until 1950 did over ½ of students graduate
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Writers Dime novels – Wild West stories Realists – Show life as it is
Jack London Stephen Crane
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Mark Twain Real Name – Samuel Clemens Huckleberry Finn Tom Sawyer
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Newspapers By 1900 ½ of worlds papers were printed in U.S.
Newspapers linked to Urbanization Joseph Pulitzer created first modern newspaper Cut price of New York World – WHY??
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Newspapers Sensational headlines Crime – scandal Pictures
Faked interviews Full color comics
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