1. Kinematics Notes Motion in 1 Dimension Physics C 1-D Motion 2007-2008
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2. Average Speed and Average Velocity
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Speed and Average Velocity
Average speed describes how fast a particle is moving. It is calculated by:
Average velocity describes how fast the displacement is changing with respect to time:
always positive
sign gives direction
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3. Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Acceleration
Average acceleration describes how fast the velocity is changing with respect to time. The equation is:
sign determines direction
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4. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: A motorist drives north at 20 m/s for 20 km and then continues north at 30 m/s for another 20 km. What is his average velocity?
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5. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: It takes the motorist one minute to change his speed from 20 m/s to 30 m/s. What is his average acceleration?
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6. Average Velocity from a Graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Velocity from a Graph A B x Dx Dt t
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7. Average Velocity from a Graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Velocity from a Graph A B t x Dx Dt
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8. Average Acceleration from a Graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Acceleration from a Graph A B v Dv Dt t
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9. Sample problem: From the graph, determine the average velocity for the particle as it moves from point A to point B.
Physics C 1-D Motion -1 -2 1 2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 -3 3
t(s)
x(m) A B
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10. Sample problem: From the graph, determine the average speed for the particle as it moves from point A to point B.
Physics C 1-D Motion -1 -2 1 2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 -3 3
t(s)
x(m) A B
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11. Physics C 1-D Motion Instantaneous Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
Instantaneous Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
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12. Average Velocity from a Graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Velocity from a Graph A t x B
Remember that the average velocity between the time at A and the time at B is the slope of the connecting line.
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13. Average Velocity from a Graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Velocity from a Graph A t x B
What happens if A and B become closer to each other?
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14. Average Velocity from a Graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Velocity from a Graph t x A B
What happens if A and B become closer to each other?
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15. Average Velocity from a Graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Velocity from a Graph t x B A
What happens if A and B become closer to each other?
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16. Average Velocity from a Graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Velocity from a Graph t x B A
What happens if A and B become closer to each other?
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17. Average Velocity from a Graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average Velocity from a Graph t x
A and B are effectively the same point. The time difference is effectively zero. B A
The line “connecting” A and B is a tangent line to the curve. The velocity at that instant of time is represented by the slope of this tangent line.
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18. Sample problem: From the graph, determine the instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity for the particle at point B.
Physics C 1-D Motion -1 -2 1 2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 -3 3
t(s)
x(m) A B
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19. Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average and Instantaneous Acceleration t v
Instantaneous acceleration is represented by the slope of a tangent to the curve on a v/t graph. A
Average acceleration is represented by the slope of a line connecting two points on a v/t graph. C B
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20. Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
Physics C 1-D Motion
Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration is zero where slope is constant x
Instantaneous acceleration is positive where curve is concave up
Instantaneous acceleration is negative where curve is concave down t
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21. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: Consider an object that is dropped from rest and reaches terminal velocity during its fall. What would the v vs t graph look like? t v
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22. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: Consider an object that is dropped from rest and reaches terminal velocity during its fall. What would the x vs t graph look like? t x
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23. Estimate the net change in velocity from 0 s to 4.0 s
Physics C 1-D Motion
Estimate the net change in velocity from 0 s to 4.0 s
a (m/s2)
1.0
t (s)
2.0
4.0
-1.0
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24. Estimate the net displacement from 0 s to 4.0 s
Physics C 1-D Motion
Estimate the net displacement from 0 s to 4.0 s
v (m/s)
2.0
t (s)
4.0
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25. Physics C 1-D Motion Derivatives
Derivatives
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26. Sample problem. From this position-time graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem. From this position-time graph x t
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27. Draw the corresponding velocity-time graph
Physics C 1-D Motion
Draw the corresponding velocity-time graph x t
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28. Suppose we need instantaneous velocity, but don’t have a graph?
Physics C 1-D Motion
Suppose we need instantaneous velocity, but don’t have a graph?
Suppose instead, we have a function for the motion of the particle.
Suppose the particle follows motion described by something like
x = (-4 + 3t) m
x = ( t – ½ 3 t2) m
x = -12t3
We could graph the function and take tangent lines to determine the velocity at various points, or…
We can use differential calculus.
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29. Instantaneous Velocity
Physics C 1-D Motion
Instantaneous Velocity
Mathematically, velocity is referred to as the derivative of position with respect to time.
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30. Instantaneous Acceleration
Physics C 1-D Motion
Instantaneous Acceleration
Mathematically, acceleration is referred to as the derivative of velocity with respect to time
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31. Instantaneous Acceleration
Physics C 1-D Motion
Instantaneous Acceleration
Acceleration can also be referred to as the second derivative of position with respect to time.
Just don’t let the new notation scare you; think of the d as a baby D, indicating a very tiny change!
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32. Evaluating Polynomial Derivatives
Physics C 1-D Motion
Evaluating Polynomial Derivatives
It’s actually pretty easy to take a derivative of a polynomial function. Let’s consider a general function for position, dependent on time.
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33. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: A particle travels from A to B following the function x(t) = 3.0 – 6t + 3t2.
What are the functions for velocity and acceleration as a function of time?
What is the instantaneous velocity at 6 seconds?
What is the initial velocity?
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34. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: A particle travels from A to B following the function x(t) = 2.0 – 4t + 3t2 – t3.
a) What are the functions for velocity and acceleration as a function of time?
b) What is the instantaneous acceleration at 6 seconds?
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35. Sample problem: A particle follows the function
Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: A particle follows the function
Find the velocity and acceleration functions.
Find the instantaneous velocity and acceleration at 2.0 seconds.
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36. Physics C 1-D Motion Kinematic Equation Review
Kinematic Equation Review
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37. Here are our old friends, the kinematic equations 
Physics C 1-D Motion
Here are our old friends, the kinematic equations 
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38. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem (basic): Show how to derive the 1st kinematic equation from the 2nd.
Sample problem (advanced): Given a constant acceleration of a, derive the first two kinematic equations.
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39. Draw representative graphs for a particle which is stationary.
Physics C 1-D Motion
Draw representative graphs for a particle which is stationary. x t
Position vs
time v t
Velocity vs
time a t
Acceleration vs
time
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40. Physics C 1-D Motion
Draw representative graphs for a particle which has constant non-zero velocity. x t
Position vs
time v t
Velocity vs
time a t
Acceleration vs
time
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41. Physics C 1-D Motion
Draw representative graphs for a particle which has constant non-zero acceleration. x t
Position vs
time v t
Velocity vs
time a t
Acceleration vs
time
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42. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: A body moving with uniform acceleration has a velocity of 12.0 cm/s in the positive x direction when its x coordinate is 3.0 cm. If the x coordinate 2.00 s later is cm, what is the magnitude of the acceleration?
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43. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: A jet plane lands with a speed of 100 m/s and can accelerate at a maximum rate of m/s2 as it comes to a halt. a) What is the minimum time it needs after it touches down before it comes to a rest? b) Can this plane land at a small tropical island airport where the runway is km long?
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44. Physics C 1-D Motion Freefall
Freefall
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45. Physics C 1-D Motion
Free Fall
Free fall is a term we use to indicate that an object is falling under the influence of gravity, with gravity being the only force on the object.
Gravity accelerates the object toward the earth the entire time it rises, and the entire time it falls.
The acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the earth has a magnitude of 9.8 m/s2. The direction of this acceleration is DOWN.
Air resistance is ignored.
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46. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: A student tosses her keys vertically to a friend in a window 4.0 m above. The keys are caught seconds later. a) With what initial velocity were the keys tossed? b) What was the velocity of the keys just before they were caught?
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47. Physics C 1-D Motion
Sample problem: A ball is thrown directly downward with an initial speed of 8.00 m/s from a height of 30.0 m. How many seconds later does the ball strike the ground?
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