1. Unit 6: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt

2. In this Unit… Chapter 15: The Nation Breaking Apart
Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins
Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns
Chapter 18: Reconstruction

3. Why It Matters Now
The Civil War represented the greatest threat to the survival of the American republic in our history. Why we fought, how the Union won, and how we rebuilt the nation remain enduring matters of discussion and debate.

4. Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns
Lesson 1: The Emancipation Proclamation

5. In this Chapter… Lesson 1: The Emancipation Proclamation
Lesson 2: War Affects Society
Lesson 3: The North Wins
Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War

6. In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?
Essential Question
In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?

7. How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the war?
Key Question
How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the war?

8. Vocabulary
Emancipation Proclamation: Document issued by Lincoln that declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free
54th Massachusetts Volunteers: Regiment of African-American soldiers that gained fame for its courageous assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina
Emancipate: To free

9. A War of Liberation
As the Union troops went through the South, thousands of slaves escaped
Abolitionists were pressuring the government to act
Lincoln feared he did not have the power to abolish slavery in every state
Lincoln also wanted to preserve the Union
Lincoln did not want to anger the border states
Many Northerners also objected to emancipation
Why?
Believed it was each state’s right to decide

10. The Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln needed to weaken the South
January 1, 1863
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
Declared all slaves in Confederate territory were free
“On the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward and forever free.” – Abraham Lincoln

11. The Emancipation Proclamation
Made a huge impact on the public
But it actually free few slaves
Only the Union army would enforce the Proclamation
Most states lived far away from where the Union army was located
Why only in the South?
Lincoln believed he did not have the constitutional power to free slaves
But the Proclamation could be seen as a military action
He had the military authority to do this
Now the goal of the Civil War wasn’t just to preserve the Union, but also to free millions from slavery

12. Response to the Proclamation
Abolitionists were thrilled
“We shout for joy that we live to record this righteous decree.” – Frederick Douglass
Many believed the law should have gone farther
They were upset Lincoln had not freed all enslaved people, specifically in the border states
Many Northern Democrats were against the Proclamation
They believed the Proclamation would lengthen the war by angering the South
The proclamation was “monstrous, impudent, and heinous… insulting to God as to man.” – Ohio newspaper
Union soldiers support the Proclamation because it angered the rebels
White Southerners were angry
Many slaves began to escape to the Union army
No longer supplied the South with labor
Began to provide the Union with soldiers

13. Fighting for Freedom
The Emancipation declared that African Americans could fight in the Union army
African Americans rushed to enlist and brought intensity to the Union
About 180,000 total enlisted
166 all-black regiments usually led by white officers
Showed great courage on the battlefield and wore their uniforms with pride
Some regiments insisted on fighting without pay instead of accepting lower pay
Determined to destroy slavery, gain self-respect, and prove they deserved equal treatment
White officers often started off with racist views, but changed their minds after seeing their determination and courage

14. “Come and Join Us Brothers”

15. The 54th Massachusetts Volunteers
One of the 1st African American regiments organized in the North
2 of Frederick Douglass’ sons joined
One of the most famous in the Civil War
Earned its greatest glory in July 1863
Led a heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina
African American regiments faced great danger if they were captured
Confederate government threatened to execute them or return them to slavery rather than make them prisoners as war

16. The 54th Massachusetts

17. How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the war?
Key Question
How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the war?

18. Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns
Lesson 2: War Affects Society

19. In this Chapter… Lesson 1: The Emancipation Proclamation
Lesson 2: War Affects Society
Lesson 3: The North Wins
Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War

20. In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?
Essential Question
In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?

21. What difficulties did the nation face as the war dragged on?
Key Question
What difficulties did the nation face as the war dragged on?

22. Vocabulary
Writ of habeas corpus: Law that prevents the government from holding citizens without formal charges
Clara Barton: Civil War nurse who later founded the American Red Cross

23. A Divisive Time
There were many disagreements within the Union and the Confederacy
Some Southern areas opposed secession
Like West Virginia
The Copperheads in the North were Democrats who favored peace with the South
A copperhead is a poisonous snake that strikes without warning
Lincoln had protesters arrested
He suspended the writ of habeas corpus
This prevents the government from holding citizens without formal charges

24. The Copperheads

25. Slaves Undermine the Confederacy
Enslaved people did their best to weaken the South
They slowed their work or stopped working altogether
When planters fled from Union armies, slaves refused to join their masters
They waited to join the Union army
After the Emancipation Proclamation, more and more slaves fled plantations
“It was very touching to see the vast numbers of colored [African American] women following after us with babies in their arms, and little ones like our Anna clinging to their tattered skirts. One poor creature, while nobody was looking, hid two boys , five years old, in a wagon, intending, I suppose that they should see the land of freedom if she couldn’t.”
- Union officer

26. The Draft Laws Enthusiasm for the war began to decline
Both the North and South passed laws of conscription (laws requiring men to serve in the military)
Southern Planters with more than 20 slaves were not required to serve in the army
In the North and South, the rich could pay substitutes to serve in their place
This caused resentment and anger
The Draft was very unpopular
Led to a 4 day riot in July 1863 in New York City
Many destroyed property and attacked African Americans
Over 100 people were killed or wounded
Union soldiers had to be called in to put down the uprising

27. Economic and Social Change
North
Free African Americans were serving in the military
Women were taking over jobs in factories and hospitals
Poverty and hunger were spreading
South
Suffering was worse in the South

28. Economic Effects of the War
South
Food shortages were common
Many farmers were in the army and could not harvest crops
Transportation was disrupted and prevented food from reaching markets
Armies seized food
Inflation (increase in the cost of goods and decrease in the value of money)
Prices rose steadily
Life was harder

29. Economic and Social Change
Two federal government changes
Income Tax
Tax on earnings
Paper currency
Known as greenbacks
Helped the Northern economy by making sure people had money to spend
Helped the federal government pay for the war

30. Women Aid the War Effort
With so many men away at war, women had to assume more responsibilities
Women plowed the fields and ran the farms or plantations
They took over office and factory jobs
Thousands of women served as volunteer workers and nurses on the battlefield
Clara Barton and Susie King Taylor
“Many lives were lost, - not men alone but noble women as well”
Relief agencies allowed women to work gathering supplies, washing clothes, and cooking food
Nursing became a profession
About 20,000 nurses worked in hospitals
Women also disguised themselves as men and enlisted
Jennie Hodgers became Albert Cashier
Women also served as spies
Belle Boyd was arrested 6 times

33. War Transforms Society
Opportunities opened up for many groups
African Americans could serve in the military
Women gained an active role in many areas
In the South, ordinary people began to resent the draft laws
Society was more divided because of draft laws, inflation and food shortages (especially in the South)

34. What difficulties did the nation face as the war dragged on?
Key Question
What difficulties did the nation face as the war dragged on?

35. Chapter 17: The Civil War Begins
Lesson 3: The North Wins

36. In this Chapter… Lesson 1: The Emancipation Proclamation
Lesson 2: War Affects Society
Lesson 3: The North Wins
Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War

37. In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?
Essential Question
In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?

38. What led to the surrender of the Confederacy?
Key Question
What led to the surrender of the Confederacy?

39. Vocabulary
Battle of Gettysburg: Battle in 1863 in Pennsylvania when Union forces stopped a Confederate invasion of the North
Pickett’s Charge: Failed assault on Union positions on final day of Battle of Gettysburg
Sherman’s March to the Sea: Union general Sherman’s destructive march across Georgia

40. Update Timeline The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863
Battle of Gettysburg
July
Union Victory

41. Update Timeline Sherman’s March to the Sea
November 15- December 21, 1864
Fall of Richmond
April 3, 1865
Union Victory

42. Update Timeline
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865

43. Union Victories Confederacy had won some key battles in the East
Lee decided to further invade the North
In a recent Northern battle, Confederate troops accidentally shot and killed Confederate General Stonewall Jackson
Lee thought another victory in the North would force the Union into talks of peace and bring European nations in as allies
Lee crossed into Pennsylvania and stumbled upon Union troops in Gettysburg

44. The Battle of Gettysburg
Fighting lasted for 3 days
90,000 Union troops against 75,000 Confederate troops
Union forces tried to hold their ground at Cemetery Ridge while Confederates tried to remove them
The Turning Point- Pickett’s Charge
General George Pickett mounted a direct attack on the middle of the Union line
It was a deadly mistake
15,000 rebel troops charged up the ridge into heavy Union fire
Confederates were forced to retreat and waited for a counterattack
Lincoln’s army once again failed to finish off the Lee’s army
The furious Lincoln wondered if he would ever find a general that would defeat Lee once and for all

45. The Battle of Gettysburg
The Union rejoiced over the victory
Lee’s hopes were crushed
Casualties
North: 23,000 (about ¼ of the army)
South: 28,000 (about 1/3 of the army)
Lee led his army back to Virginia
Although the war lasted 2 more years, the South never recovered from the defeat at Gettysburg

46. The Siege of Vicksburg July 4, 1863
Confederate troops at Vicksburg surrendered to Grant
Vicksburg was the last hold that Confederates had on the Mississippi
Grant began his attack in May of 1863
Direct attacks failed, so he settled in for a long siege
Grant’s troops surrounded the city and prevented delivery of food and supplies
Confederates ran out of food
Civilians moved into caves to protect themselves from the constant bombardment
After a month and a half, the city surrendered
This victory fulfilled a major part of the Anaconda Plan- the South was split in two
The tide of the war had turned in favor of the Union
President Lincoln had found the man who might be able to defeat Lee

47. New Plans for the Union
March Lincoln gives command of all Union armies to Grant
Grant would pursue Lee’s army in Virginia
General William Tecumseh Sherman would push through the deep South

48. Sherman Takes Atlanta
Sherman traveled from Tennessee to Atlanta, Georgia
In November 1864, Sherman burned Atlanta and set out on a terrifying march to the sea
Sherman’s March to the Sea
The army cut a path of destruction across Georgia that was 60 miles wide and 300 miles long
Sherman waged total war (a war not only against enemy troops, but against everything that supported the enemy)
Tore up railroad lines
Destroyed crops
Burned and looted towns
He reached the coast at Savannah in December and continued north into the Carolinas to meet Grant in Virginia
His march tore into the heart of the Confederacy
It also increase the size of the Union army
In Georgia alone, 19,000 former slaves joined the Union army

49. Grant’s Virginia Campaign
Grant pursued Lee’s army
He had a brutal plan- keep attacking Lee’s army no matter how many casualties the Union would suffer
The Union could replace soldiers and supplies
The South was running out
Lee would fight and then escape to fight another day after his troops recovered
It took Grant a year to corner and defeat Lee
Grant said, “No matter what happens, we will not retreat!”
Grant’s army suffered great losses but he pushed on
Union troops were so sure they would die in battle that they pinned their names and addresses on their jackets so their bodies could be identified later
Unable to break through Confederate lines just South of Richmond, Union forces dug trenches and settled in for a 9 month long siege

50. Richmond Falls April 1865- Lee realized he could hold out no longer
He sent Jefferson Davis a note advising the government to leave Richmond
Lee hoped to move the army to food supplies to prolong the war
April 2- Confederate government fled the capital
Leaders burnt anything that could be of use to the Union army
The city was in flames when the Union forces arrived April 3
Lincoln came to visit the city
Whites stayed indoors
African Americans cheered for the president who led the fight for freedom

51. Surrender at Appomattox
Lee fled west while Grant followed
Lee wanted to continue fighting but knew the situation was hopeless
Lee sent a message to Grant saying he was ready to surrender
April 9, 1865
Lee and Grant met in the small Virginia town of Appomattox Court House to arrange the surrender
Grant wrote later that his joy at that moment was mixed with sadness
Grant offered generous terms of surrender
Confederates could return home in peace after laying down their arms
Confederates could keep their private possessions and horses with them
Grant also fed the hungry Confederate troops

52. What led to the surrender of the Confederacy?
Key Question
What led to the surrender of the Confederacy?

53. Chapter 17: The Civil War Begins
Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War

54. In this Chapter… Lesson 1: The Emancipation Proclamation
Lesson 2: War Affects Society
Lesson 3: The North Wins
Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War

55. In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?
Essential Question
In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?

56. How did the nation change after the war ended?
Key Question
How did the nation change after the war ended?

57. Vocabulary
John Wilkes Booth: Confederate supporter who assassinated Abraham Lincoln
Thirteenth Amendment: Constitutional amendment that ended slavery

58. The Gettysburg Address
On November 19, 1863, officials gathered in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. They were there to dedicate a national cemetery on the ground where the decisive Battle of Gettysburg had taken place nearly five months earlier. Following the ceremony’s main address, which lasted nearly two hours, President Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address in just over two minutes. In this famous speech, Lincoln expressed his hopes for the nation.

59. The Gettysburg Address
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that this nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

60. The Gettysburg Address
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate… we cannot consecrate… we cannot hallow… this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us… that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead should not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

61. Costs of the War The Union had be preserved but at a terrible cost
Deadliest war in American history
In just 4 years
620,000 dead (360,000 Union; 260,000 Confederate)
275,000 Union wounded; 100,000 Confederate wounded
Many suffered health problems the rest of their lives
North and South spent enormous sums of money
Government was still paying interest on loans many years later

62. The South in Ruins After the War Economic disaster in the South
Farms and plantations were destroyed
40% of livestock were killed
50% of farm machinery wrecked
Factories were demolished
Thousands of miles of railroad tracks were torn up
Only had 12% of the nation’s wealth (30% before the war)
South remained locked in poverty long after the war
Economic gap would last for decades

63. Lincoln’s Assassination
April 14, 1865 (5 days after Lee’s surrender)
President Lincoln was shot while watching a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C.
John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate supporter escaped but was killed by troops 11 days later
Lincoln was wounded and carried to a house nearby
A bullet in his brain could not be removed
He died the next morning as the first American President to be assassinated
Many Americans wept in the streets

64. The Nation Transformed
The Civil War had created a new nation economically and socially
The issue of state’s rights was settled- states did not have the power to secede
The national government expanded
New paper currency
New income tax
New federal banking system
Funded railroads
Gave western settlers land
Provided for state colleges
South’s economy was destroyed (now had to pay for workers)
Industry in the north grew rapidly (steel, petroleum, food processing, and manufacturing)

65. Greatest effect was the freeing of millions of enslaved Americans
“After the reading we were told that we were all free, and could go when and where we pleased. My mother, who was standing by my side, leaned over and kissed her children, while tears of joy ran down her cheeks. She explained to us what it all meant, that this was the day for which she had been so long praying, but fearing that she would never live to see.” – Booker T. Washington
January Congress passed the 13th Amendment
Ended and banned slavery
Approved by 27 states including 8 southern states
Challenges
South had to be brought back into the Union
4 million former slaves had to be integrated into national life
Americans had to turn their energies into rebuilding the nation

66. In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?
Economic Change
Income tax
Paper currency
Growing industry
Destroyed southern economy
Factory production increases
Social Change
Slavery is abolished
African Americans serve in the military
Draft laws are introduced
Women become active in society
Political Change
Federal government grows more powerful
United States pulls through as a union
Changes in Warfare
Modern rifle and minie ball
Increases number of casualties
Ironclads

67. How did the nation change after the war ended?
Key Question
How did the nation change after the war ended?

68. In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?
Essential Question
In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?