1. The Nation Transformed
The Second Industrial Revolution: Industrialization and Immigration in America from

2. The Industrial Revolution

3. The Second Industrial Revolution
Steel drives industrialization in the late 1800s
Develop an easier and cheaper way to produce steel- The Bessemer Process
Encourages railroads to expand
Trunk lines (major railroads) cross from the Great Plains to the Pacific Coast
William Kelly
Henry Bessemer

4. The Impact of the Railroad
Railway companies= country’s major employers
Spur the growth of other industries
Increased need to communicate across long distances
Need lots of power

5. New sources of power
Electricity: Work hard to find practical applications for this natural phenomenon
The dynamo: electric generator
Thomas Alva Edison
Gasoline
Originally just seen as having medicinal purposes
Finally in 1850 it is found that it can be refined to produce kerosene, which could be turned into lamps to produce light

6. Which of the following did Edison NOT invent?
Lightbulb
The dynamo
The bicycle
The phonograph 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

7. Which of the following was NOT an impact of railroads?
Increased westward expansion
Increased growth of other industries, such as the steel industry
More jobs
It caused more people to move to rural areas 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

8. Which of these encouraged industrialization to move from the east to the west?
Railroads
Subways
Labor Unions
Muckakers 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

9. Big Business
The corporation: new form of business organization that capable of managing the growing industries during this time
How do corporations raise capital?
Some corporations join together to form a trust, where companies turn control over to a Board of Directors which run all the companies as one
What happens when a trust gains exclusive control over an industry?
Government Involvement: Age of laissez faire capitalism

10. Horizontal Integration Andrew Carnegie Steel Industry
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil
Horizontal Integration
Owns companies involved in the same business (ie. Oil refining)
Buy out competition or drive out of business by lowering prices
Andrew Carnegie
Steel Industry
Economies of scale
Vertical Integration
Acquired companies that provided materials and services upon which his enterprises depended
Controls steel at each stage of production= sell at a much lower price than his competitors

11. John D. Rockefeller

12. A New Social Order
New Urban Upper Class: Make their $$$ in new industries
New Middle Class: Modern corporations swell the middle class with managers, engineers, accountants, clerks, and salespeople; new jobs created
Industrial workers: Hundreds of thousands move into cities in search of jobs
1890: 50% of industrial workers live below the poverty line--- What does this cause?
Great demand in labor met by immigrants

13. 10 Corporations Unionization Proprietorships Monopolies
1. The Ability to sell stock 2. Limited liability for the owners 3. Improved ability to raise large sums of money Industrialization changed the structure of business in America. The items listed above are all benefits of-
Corporations
Unionization
Proprietorships
Monopolies 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

14. By eliminating the tariff on foreign goods
How did the government encourage the growth of big business after the Civil War?
By eliminating the tariff on foreign goods
By extending massive loans to business owners
By limiting immigration into the U.S.
By using laissez faire 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

15. Immigrants Prior to 1880: Protestants from northwestern Europe
After 1880: New wave
70% from Southern/Eastern Europe
Catholic, Jewish, Greek Orthodox, French Canadiens, Armenians, Arabs, Chinese, Japanese

16. New Americans

17. Nativists View immigration as a threat Restrictions on immigration
“Too different to fit in”
Blame immigrants for the ills of society
Immigrants take all the jobs from Americans
Restrictions on immigration
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
Denies citizenship to people born in China
Prohibits immigration of Chinese laborers
Immigration Restriction League,1894
Sought to make literacy a requirement for admission into the United States
President Grover Cleveland vetoes the Act passed by Congress

18. Urban Life People flock to cities to find work
Skyscrapers dominate the landscape
Why no skyscrapers before?
Mass transit
Tenements
What were tenements like?

19. The Drive for Reform The Settlement Houses: Community service centers
Hull House and Jane Addams
Aids the poor
Social Gospel
Apply Christian principles to address social problems
The Salvation Army
Some support Social Darwinism.
What is social Darwinism?

20. Socialists Social Darwinists Transcendentalists Union Leaders
_____________ believed society was a competition in which the fittest came out on top
Socialists
Social Darwinists
Transcendentalists
Union Leaders
VOTE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

21. Hull House was founded in Chicago by Jane Addams to…
Help persecuted Jewish Americans
Provide lodging for child laborers
Help the urban poor living in slums
Serve as a meeting place for suffragists 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30