1. Wind farms – myths & truths

2. Global context
In 2008 Ernst & Young identified climate change as the number one risk to the insurance industry worldwide.
In 2012 Fatih Birol, IEA chief economist said: ‘We have 5 years to change the energy system – or have it changed [for us].’

3. Climate change – ‘well established science’
The Royal Society regards man-made climate change as well established science.
Each decade since the 1970s has been clearly warmer than the one immediately preceding it.
Local temperatures are a poor guide to global conditions.
Various lines of evidence point strongly to human activity being the main reason for the recent increase.
Half the CO2 emitted by mankind since the industrial revolution has stayed in the atmosphere. The remainder has been absorbed by the oceans, soils and plants.
Changes in atmospheric composition resulting from human activity have enhanced the natural greenhouse effect, causing global heating.
Concentrations of other greenhouse gases have increased as well – e.g. methane has doubled in the past 150 years.

6. Wide consensus, but continuing debate
If we stopped our CO2 emissions today, it would still take several millennia for concentrations to return to preindustrial levels.
Impact of volcanic eruptions – ‘largest effects last only a few years’.
Emissions from the sun – ‘natural forcing [from] the sun over the past 150 years is estimated to be small – about 0.12 Wm2’.
Effect of other greenhouse gases resulting from human activity, e.g. carbon monoxide.
Changes in water vapour levels.

7. Areas of substantial uncertainty
The impact of known tipping points – major climate forcing events, such as ice caps melting, rainforests dying out, tundra drying out, sea-bed gas release.
Not uncertainty over whether these will have an effect; instead over how large the impact and how much global warming will surge as a result.
These tipping points have largely not been factored into climate models.

8. What’s the ‘safe’ level of climate change?
Currently a general consensus that climate change must be kept below 2oC.
2oC will lead to additional rises in global temperatures – because impacts will provoke further climate forcing events.
Global agreement of need to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 – but no formal treaty.
BUT – increasing evidence that global warming is happening faster than predicted.
Prime Minister of Greenland said in 2012 that Greenland is already struggling to adapt to climate change, because warming has been much faster than predicted.

9. How long do we have to adapt?
Growing consensus that staying below 2°C is impossible.
The International Energy Association (IEA) view is that the world is on track for a 3.5°C rise by 2040.
There is a widespread view that a 4°C future is incompatible with an organised global community – beyond adaptation.
Widespread fear that 4°C may lead to run away climate change.
Increasing fear among climate scientists that a 2°C rise could do this.
74% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions come from energy production.
Britain, a key player in the Industrial Revolution and the carbon-based economic growth, should play a leading role in mitigating the impacts.
In 2012 Fatih Birol, IEA chief economist said: ‘We have 5 years to change the energy system – or have it changed [for us].’
74% of CO2 emissions come from energy production.

10. Why do we need wind farms?
Whatever happens, we’ll need new power stations.
Over 25% of our electricity capacity needs to be replaced in the next few years because it’s too old or polluting.
All major political parties have supported both the Climate Change Act which includes a legally binding reduction in CO2 emissions of 80% by 2050, and our renewable energy target of 15% total energy from renewable sources by 2020.
Together these ambitions mean that the great majority of our new electricity generation has to come from low carbon or renewable sources.
No-one’s suggesting wind farms will provide all of our energy in the future - we need a multi-source approach to electricity supply, especially because demand is likely to increase significantly.
Potential closures or upgrades - coal power stations - Didcot A, Fawley, Tilbury, Kingsnorth, and Ferrybridge.
Also nuclear power stations Hinkley Point B, Hunterston, Hartlepool, Heysham, Dungeness B and Torness will come to the end of their live in the next few years.

11. Wind is competitive in price terms
In terms of renewables onshore wind is easily the most competitive in price terms. As shown in this recent comparison of levelised costs made by the LSE.
The government is also determined to develop shale gas.
Coal CCS & nuclear are more helpful options in my view, but both come with significant risks.
As described by the EIA, “Levelized cost represents the present value of the total cost of building and operating a generating plant over an assumed financial life and duty cycle, converted to equal annual payments and expressed in terms of real dollars to remove the impact of inflation. Levelized cost reflects overnight capital cost, fuel cost, fixed and variable O&M cost, financing costs, and an assumed utilization rate for each plant type.”
Energy Information Administration - EIA - Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government.

12. If you don’t like wind farms…
I probably can’t convince you otherwise.
But 2/3rds of British public consistently support wind energy.
And renewable energy capacity (much of it from wind) is set to overtake nuclear energy by 2018, if current rates of growth continue.
By 2015 we expect renewables to provide enough power for one in ten British homes.
Engagement in the planning process often results in developers amending proposals, to reflect local concerns.

13. Impact on Wiltshire’s landscape
More extreme weather events – fiercer sun; stronger winds; heavier rain.
Leading to pro-longed drought, greater fire risk, deeper and more frequent flooding, damage to transport and utilities infrastructure and property, and crop failure.
More miserable grey cloud, especially in the summer.
Loss of precious landscape features, e.g., beech trees, bluebells, lush downland.
Loss of top soil and soil productivity, unless farm irrigation is adapted and improved.
Migration of bugs and diseases that affect biodiversity and human health.
Population migration.
Swifts were in trouble this year because of the cold and wet - they couldn't catch enough insects to feed their young partly because they had to brood the young to protect them from the cold so couldn't get out hunting for long enough.
Although the bluebell is widespread in Britain, it is globally threatened, and British populations represent 25-49% of the world's total.  The organisation Plantlife have identified the bluebell as a species which will struggle to maintain its range in the face of climate change.  During periods of cold weather, spring flowers such as bluebells have already started the process of growth by preparing leaves and flowers in underground bulbs in summer and autumn.  They are then able to grow in the cold of winter or early spring by using these resources stored in their bulb.  Other species -such as cow parsley or dandelions - are more temperature dependent, and require warm weather before they are able to germinate and grow.  With the warmer springs induced by climate change, bluebells will lose their 'early start' advantage, and be outcompeted by temperature sensitive plants that start growing earlier than in the past.

14. Myths about wind farms
Mostly perpetuated by climate sceptic elements of the press, and anti-wind organisations, such as the REF, who use selective and often misleading data.
Others are concerned that wind farms will change the landscape they live in.
But, climate change will change the landscape more, and probably sooner than we think.
Despite vociferous opponents of wind energy – the majority of people in the UK support it.
Only about 1 in 20 are strongly against wind energy.
A recent poll showed 67% would rather live next to a wind turbine, than a shale gas development.
Not surprisingly, community ownership increases support.
The findings of the UK-wide ICM survey shows that only nuclear power and coal are less popular than shale gas developments.
Reported, Tuesday 23 October 2012
Common concerns about wind power - Centre for Sustainable Energy, May 2011

15. Safety
Wind energy is one of the safest forms of electricity generation.
All deaths are regrettable, but since 1975 there have been only 76 deaths worldwide among people building, maintaining or taking down turbines.
In addition, eight members of the public have been killed in accidents world-wide since 1975 – none of them were simply passers by:
A parachutist in Denmark.
A crop duster in the US hit a guy-wire on a meteorological mast.
Two traffic accidents in the UK and Ireland involving turbine transporters.
A man on a college campus who became unconscious while climbing a turbine tower on a tour.
A child in Canada was killed whilst playing around a residential turbine under repair.
One person killed during a high school prank.
One man was killed when his snowmobile collided with a fence around a turbine construction site.

16. Safety context Records across the energy sector from 1975 – 2010 show:
Wind energy deaths per Gigawatt year; Natural gas: 0.197; Coal: 6.921; and LPG:
Only nuclear has better record, 0.048, but this fails to account for accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukishima.
The UK HSE has calculated the risk of being killed by a wind turbine is about the same as being killed by lightening.
Despite this, Wiltshire Council is trying to ban wind farms on safety grounds.

17. Separation distances UK government has rejected separation distances.
Government guidance recognises that the ‘minimum desirable distance between wind turbines and occupied buildings calculated on the basis of expected noise levels and visual impact will often be greater than that necessary to meet safety requirements.’
The safe distance between turbines and buildings is generally considered to be the ‘fall-over distance’. The height of the turbine to the tip of the blade) plus 10% is often used as a safe separation distance.
In Scotland, where there is much lower population density, there is a flexible recommended separation distance of 2km, based largely on visual impact.
Wales also has a guide separation distance of 500m.
The UK National Planning Policy Framework states that wind farms should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Flexibility is built-in to the framework.
Planners are ‘required to design their policies to maximise renewable and low carbon energy development while ensuring that adverse impacts are addressed satisfactorily, including cumulative landscape and visual impacts.’

18. Blade-throw and ice-throw
Blade-throw occurs when a blade comes loose, and is thrown a distance away from the turbine due to its momentum.
No reliable data evidence exists.
A recent study for the UK HSE estimated that, at a distance of twice the turbine’s height, the risk that a thrown blade would directly strike someone causing a fatality is 1 in 100 million.
Ice-throw is not a major issue in the UK’s milder climate. In most cases, ice falls within a distance from the turbine equal to the tower height.
It is very seldom that ice reaches a distance of twice the total height of the turbine.
The most modern turbines have blades that heat up so that ice does not gather.

19. Efficiency of wind turbines
Wind turbines start operating at wind speeds of metres per second (around 10 miles an hour)
They reach maximum power output at around 15 m/s (33mph).
At very high wind speeds, i.e. gale force winds, 25 metres/second (50+ mph), wind turbines shut down.
The most modern turbines can operate at up to 76mph.
One 1.8 MW wind turbine at a decent site could supply enough electricity for 1,000 households.
Painting by Canadian artist, David Suzuki
The average wind farm in the UK will pay back the energy used in its manufacture within six to eight months, this compares favourably with coal or nuclear power stations, which take about six months.

20. Capacity factors
Wind turbines generate electricity for 75% - 85% of the time, but the output varies with the wind.
But, they don’t always operate at full power.
The electricity delivered annually to the grid is around 25% - 35% of what would be generated if they worked at full tilt continuously.
This is the ‘capacity factor’ – and no energy source has a 100% CF.
The CF of a wind farm depends on location, but the UK average is 28%.
Nuclear has around a 60% CF; coal-fired power plants 42%; and hydro averages about 35%.
The Hoover Dam has a 23% capacity factor.
Painting by Canadian artist, David Suzuki

21. Financial support
Energy infrastructure is very expensive, and governments in all countries find ways to support development.
British Gas, nuclear and coal all benefitted from enormous up-front tax-payer investment.
Nuclear legacy costs us 72% of DECC’s budget in 2010/11 (£1.9bn of £2.7bn budget).
Renewables, including wind, get no up-front support – nothing for capital costs or R&D.
Only when wind farms are actually generating electricity do they receive financial support – through Renewable Obligations Certificates.

22. Support from electricity users
Taxes are not used to subsidise ROCs – instead they’re traded by electricity companies, and so ultimately funded by their customers.
People who use electricity help fund the development of cleaner energy.
Ofgem figures show renewable energy accounts for just under 2% of a total combined average household energy bill of £1,174. (May 2012)
RenewableUK estimates that in 2010/11 wind energy added £7.74 to bills – or about 0.7% of a £1174 bill.
Other energy also gets government subsidy. For example, the ‘Contracts for Difference’ the government will award the nuclear industry could mean a subsidy of £2bn/year to just one operator, EDF.
In the long term, renewables should bring down consumers’ bills because they will free us from dependence on imported energy.
Other factors will also affect energy costs in the future, such as the likely introduction of global carbon tax.
Ofgem's factsheet " household energy bills explained", released in May.
It says the main support measure for renewable energy, the Renewables Obligation, adds £21 to the average household consumer energy bill.
Feed in Tariffs - the support measure for microgeneration - add "less than £1" to the bill.
At the time Ofgem put the average bill at £704 for gas and £470 for electricity, a total of £1,174. So six months ago Ofgem's figures showed that support measures for renewable energy accounted for just under two per cent of a total combined bill - not 12 per cent.

23. Shadow capacity
GWPF says each MW generated by wind must be backed conventionally.
DECC says this isn’t correct – backup is needed anyway to cover demand surges – e.g. a World Cup penalty shootout can create a demand spike of around 2-3GW.
We need to see the system as a whole, to recognise that wind plays a key role.
For example, Sizewell B nuclear power plant was out of commission for seven months in During that time, wind was producing the electricity for hundreds of thousands of homes.
Wind has reached the point where it delivers a significant, and largely predictable amount of energy to the grid.
On 14th Sept 2012 wind turbines delivered over 80 gigawatt-hours (GWh), just over 10% of total UK generation.
The September average in 2012 was 6% of total UK generation.
GWFP – Global Warming Policy Foundation

24. The flicker effect
‘Shadow flicker’ is caused when the rotating blades of a wind turbine cast a shadow on an observer.
It is quantifiable.
Large commercial turbines can create a flicker effect at frequencies up to 2 Hz – well below the threshold that can cause photo-epileptic seizures (3-30 Hz)
Even if flicker is predicted to affect certain dwellings, it is only apparent at particular times – for short periods in any single day – and only when the sun is shining brightly.
The Government does not consider flicker to be a health problem.
If an issue arises at an individual dwelling, it can be mitigated.
An independent study concluded in 2011 that flicker was not a serious problem and Government guidance has been left unchanged. An independent study on noise has supported their approach on noise.

25. Noise Wind turbines do create some noise.
A motor moves turbine blades into the wind; blades swish in the air; there can be low mechanical noise.
Planning Guidance says day- and night-time levels should be set at 5 dB(A) above background ambient noise, with a fixed limit of 43 dB(A) at night, or 45 dB(A) for a dwelling that derives a direct economic benefit.
Common concerns about wind power - Centre for Sustainable Energy, May 2011
Wind Turbine Syndrome has been essentially dismissed by the NHS.
Significantly, research has noted that noise issues are more likely to be perceived by people who were against a wind farm in the first place.
If turbines make more noise than anticipated, this can be mitigated.
Amplitude modulation (swishing) – no working definition; impacts extremely rare; can be mitigated if observed.

26. Wind Turbine Syndrome
This concept has been publicised by the press, but essentially dismissed by the NHS.
Alleged condition proposed by pediatrician Dr Nina Pierpoint, an anti-wind campaigner in North America.
She cites a whole range of physical sensations (e.g. tinnitus, headache etc.) and effects (sleeplessness, anxiety etc.), based on a series of interviews from a study group of 10 self-selected families.
The NHS described said, ‘study design was weak, the study was small and there was no comparison group.’
It was self-published and has not been reproduced in a single peer-reviewed journal.
Also rejected by Massachusetts Dept of Public Health, and Dept of Environmental Protection.

27. Birds UK cats catch 55m birds each year.
It’s reckoned that for every bird killed by a turbine, 5,820, on average, are killed striking buildings, typically windows.
RSPB ‘supports significant growth in offshore and onshore wind power generation in the UK.’
Turbines should be carefully located so birds aren’t disturbed during construction or operation.
Climate change affects birds too, and birds are generally less able to adapt.
The RSPB has examined hundreds of UK applications and approved over 90%.
They also work with developers to suggest ecological improvements.
Concern about birds came from two well-publicised cases (early wind farms in California and Southern Spain) where there were genuine collisions between large birds and turbines. The industry has come a long way since then.
RSPB notes ‘The most recent figures are from the Mammal Society, which estimates that the UK's cats catch up to 275 million prey items a year, of which 55 million are birds.’
With regard to bird fatalities the Centre for Sustainable Energy, says: "Wind turbines represent an insignificant fraction of the total number of bird deaths caused by man-made objects or activities (eg building structures, transmission lines, and keeping domestic cats)." According to the CSE, for every bird killed by a turbine, 5,820, on average, are killed striking buildings, typically glass windows.

28. Bats
The Bat Conservation Trust ‘supports the development of sustainable energy’.
If turbines are sited close to foraging routes, collision might be possible.
Natural England recommends 50m between turbines & foraging routes.
Developers help ensure bats are led away from the turbines, e.g. by planting new hedgerows.
Bats are much more active when wind speeds are low.
If identified on a site, great care would need to be taken to ensure the turbines posed no risk.

29. House prices
No evidence of detrimental impact on house prices when wind farms are operational.
Studies have shown anticipation ‘stigma’, during the construction period.
This transitory drop in house prices, quickly reverses when these negative effects fail to materialise post-construction.
Previous predictions by estate agents have been found to be inaccurate, compared with actual transaction data and the views of the buyers themselves.
There is also evidence that wind farms can have a positive impact on tourism.
It’s therefore in everyone’s interests to address public and statutory concerns quickly, and reduce the number of planning appeals.
Wind turbines and property prices
Chapter 8, page 18
Tourism - e.g. Swaffham, the UK’s first large wind turbine

30. Getting something back
There is an increasing view that affected communities should gain direct benefit.
People with a direct stake in the ownership or profits of a wind farm are better inclined towards them.
It’s important that benefits are not compensation for a poorly designed wind farm and must not be seen as a bribe.
Communities can benefit in different ways – by sharing ownership (Westmill); – through reduced electricity prices; – through funds that invest directly in community projects.
In Germany almost two-thirds of renewable energy capacity is individually or community owned.

31. Wiltshire Council
Independent advice, commissioned by Wiltshire Council, identified wind and biomass as the main opportunities for Wiltshire to reduce CO2 emissions.
Wind energy would have the largest impact.
Wiltshire has a national obligation to reduce CO2 emissions.
However, in June, Wiltshire Council voted to ban wind farms.
It was done on spurious safety grounds.
As we’ve seen, wind farms are very safe.
The existing planning process already helps identify reasonable risks so that they can be mitigated.

33. Wiltshirecea.org.uk
The Wiltshire CEA was formed to oppose this unfair amendment.
We are pro-renewables, not simply pro-wind.
We want a fair planning system.
Without built-in prejudice.
Where decisions are made on a case-by-case basis.
We’re very concerned about the impacts of climate change and believe we must to do all we can to reduce atmospheric CO2 as quickly as possible.
There is only one day left to show your support for clean, renewable energy in Wiltshire.

34. Conclusion Electricity demand will grow.
We need to update our power supplies.
Climate Change Act includes a legally binding CO2 reduction of 80% by 2050.
Renewables will supply 15% of our energy by 2020.
Future energy needs will be met by a combination of low carbon and renewable sources.
Large power station model replaced with a patchwork of micro and industrial-scale energy sources.
Wind farms do not provide all the answers.
But they do deliver efficient, clean, affordable energy to the National Grid.
Renewable energy capacity is set to overtake nuclear by 2018, if current rates of growth continue,
Providing enough power for one in 10 British homes by 2015.

35. Thank you
for your time

36. Sceptic myth 1: It’s the sun
Yes, the sun has a strong influence on climate.
But The Royal Society says there is wide consensus that natural forcing from the sun over the past 150 years is about 0.12 Wm2.
A comparison of sun and climate over the past 1150 years found temperatures closely match solar activity – but over the last 35 years sun and climate have been moving in opposite directions.
In fact, a number of independent measurements of solar activity indicate the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1960, over the same period that global temperatures have been warming.
An analysis of solar trends concluded that the sun has actually contributed a slight cooling influence in recent decades.

37. Sceptic myth 2: Broken hockey stick
Sceptics have tried to convince people that the famous hockey stick graph, used by Al Gore, is 'broken'.
The hockey stick paper was produced in 1998 by University of Massachusetts.
It showed the 20thC to be the warmest in the last 1000 years.
And showed warming was most dramatic after 1920.
Since the original research a number of proxy studies have confirmed the original hockey stick conclusion.
They have included analysis a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

38. Hockey stick remodel
An independent assessment of Mann's hockey stick was conducted by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (Wahl 2007). They reconstructed temperatures employing a variety of statistical techniques. Their results found slightly different temperatures in the early 15th Century, but confirmed the principal results.

39. Consistent research: Bore holes
Changes in surface temperature send thermal waves underground, cooling or warming the subterranean rock. Underground temperature measurements were examined from over 350 bore holes in North America, Europe, Southern Africa and Australia (Huang 2000).
Image shows global surface temperature change over the last five centuries from boreholes (thick red line). Shading represents uncertainty.

40. Consistent research: Stalagmites
Stalagmites are formed from groundwater within underground caverns. As they're annually banded, the thickness of the layers can be used as climate proxies.
Image shows northern Hemisphere annual temperature reconstruction from stalagmite reconstructions shown with 2 standard error (shaded area).

41. Consistent research: Glacier length
Historical records of glacier length can be used as a proxy for temperature.
Image shows global mean temperature calculated from glaciers. The red vertical lines indicate uncertainty.

42. Sceptic myth 3: Antarctica is gaining ice
Ignores the difference between land & sea ice.
Antarctica is gaining sea ice but losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.
In Antarctica, sea ice grows during winter but nearly melts during the summer.
Arctic sea ice lasts all the year round – it increases during winter and decreases during summer – but ice cover remains in the North.
Arctic sea ice is more important for the earth's energy balance because when it melts, more sunlight is absorbed by the oceans.
Whereas Antarctic sea ice normally melts each summer leaving the earth's energy balance largely unchanged.

43. Antarctica, continued
Care must be taken when interpreting trends in Antarctic sea ice.
Antarctic sea ice is gaining for many reasons.
These are two accepted recent explanations:
A – Ozone levels over Antarctica have dropped causing stratospheric cooling and increasing winds which lead to more areas of open water that can be frozen.
B – The Southern Ocean is freshening because of increased rain, glacial run-off and snowfall. Fresh water freezes more quickly than salt water. Changes in the composition of the ocean are causing less mixing between warm and cold layers and thus less melted sea ice.

44. Antarctica, continued
Sea ice talk aside, it is quite clear that really when it comes to Antarctic ice overall, sea ice is not the most important thing to measure.
In Antarctica, the most important ice mass is the land ice sitting on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Image - Observed and modelled Arctic sea-ice extent, completed for the IPCC for December 2009 UN climate conference in Copenhagen. (Copenhagen Diagnosis, 2009)

45. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Sceptics accuse the IPCC of over-stating the case for man-made climate change.
But many times the IPCC has understated the case.
Three examples:
CO2 output from fossil fuels – emissions close to IPCC’s worst-case projections.
Sea-level rise is faster than predicted.
Arctic sea ice is melting faster than predicted too – On 27 August 2012, Arctic sea ice shrank to its smallest extent ever recorded: 3.5m sq km – less than half the area four decades ago (around 8m sq km at this time of year). The previous record low in 2007 was 4.17m sq km

46. Didcot and Kingsnorth power stations
Didcot power station & Kingsnorth

47. Sellafield

48. Hydraulic fracturing for shale gas

50. Recommendations Skepticalscience.com Metoffice.gov.uk/climate-change
Royalsociety.org/Climate-Change
ffinlo.org – Green pages