1. 11th European Space Weather Week
Dr. Alejandro Salado et al.
Liege, Belgium
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System

2. Requirements overview and major system drivers
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Requirements overview and major system drivers
400+ assets
3000+ requirements
303 products
37 services
8 service domains
System performance
S/C designers
S/C operators
Human spaceflight
Launch operators
Satellite com & nav
SST
Non-space operators
General data services
11th European Space Weather Week

3. A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
SWE System Context
11th European Space Weather Week

4. Space Segment One mission to a low altitude Earth orbit
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Space Segment
One mission to a low altitude Earth orbit
Two missions to a LEO sun-synchronous orbit
Two missions on MEO (SSA payloads hosted)
Two missions in GEO (SSA payloads hosted)
One mission at L1 (preferably SSA payloads hosted, however dedicated mission option given as well)
One mission at L5 (preferably SSA payloads hosted, however dedicated mission option given as well)
11th European Space Weather Week

5. Space Segment – SSO Mission 1
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Space Segment – SSO Mission 1
Sun-Synchronous Dawn-Dusk orbit (h~974 km):
Allows nearly continuous view of the sun (duration of max 13 min over a yearly three months period)
SSO Mission 1
Orbit altitude vs S/C mass had to be traded
Higher altitude results in less eclipses but more propellant needed for de-orbiting the S/C
Wet mass of 858 kg, including the following paylaods:
Radiation Monitor
Soft X-ray solar disk imager
Langmuir probe with VLF spectrometer
Doppler imager
Magnetometer
Ly-alpha imager
E or B antenna with HFMF-LF receivers/spectrometers
VIS coronograph
EUV solar disk imager
Solar radiospectrographer
VIS solar disk imager
EUV-ray flux monitor
UV-ray flux monitor
11th European Space Weather Week

6. Space Segment – Polar LEO (SSO Mission 2)
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Space Segment – Polar LEO (SSO Mission 2)
Mission very similar to SSO 1
Some payloads require 2 measurement points at same orbit with 180° phasing
Launched with VEGA
Wet mass of 500 kg, including the following paylaods:
Polar LEO
GNSS receiver
E or B antenna with HFMF-LF receivers/spectrometers
Micro particle detector
Magnetometer
Radiaion monitor
Langmuir probe with VLF spectrometer
11th European Space Weather Week

7. Space Segment – Low Altitude Mission
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Space Segment – Low Altitude Mission
Required for atmospheric density measurements and aurora imaging
SSO (not Dawn-Dusk)
Altitude traded with lifetime
At an altitude of 350 km it is expected to have about 4 mN of drag force, which results in about -29 m/rev change in semi-major axis.
Continuous electric propulsion necessary for drag compensation
S/C mass estimated to 815 kg, including the following payloads:
Low Altitude Mission
Accelerometer
Wide-field auroral imager
11th European Space Weather Week

8. Space Segment – MEO Missions
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Space Segment – MEO Missions
MEO Missions
Instruments in MEO can be hosted on navigation satellites – many opportunities
This enables a significant cost reduction
Instruments require to be placed in two different S/C on the same orbit with roughly 180° phasing between each other.
The following payloads should be included:
Radiaion monitor
Ion Spectrometer
Magnetometer
11th European Space Weather Week

9. Space Segment – GEO Missions
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Space Segment – GEO Missions
GEO Missions
GEO
Instruments in GEO can be hosted on Geostationary satellites – also many opportunities
This enables a significant cost reduction
Instruments require to be placed in two different S/C on the same orbit with roughly 180° phasing between each other.
The following payloads should be included:
Radiaion monitor
Ion Spectrometer
Magnetometer
Micro-particle detector
11th European Space Weather Week

10. Space Segment – L1 Mission
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Space Segment – L1 Mission
Approach used was to minimise cost of mission by minimizing platform size and dimension.
This was achieved by placing the sun observing payloads in LEO
A drawback of this approach are the eclipses in LEO which can obstruct the FoV, however in SSO they are minimized.
Sun
Earth L1
1.5 million km
Payloads:
Ion Energy Spectrometer
Density probe
3-axis Fluxgate Magnetometer
Radiation Monitoring
11th European Space Weather Week

11. Space Segment – L5 Mission
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Space Segment – L5 Mission
L5 mission is important for monitoring the Sun-Earth line and to detect anomalies in the sun behaviour before they are visible from the Sun-Earth line.
Sun
Earth L5
1 AU
Sun-Earth line
Payloads:
EUV solar disk imager
Heliospheric imager
Coronograph imager
11th European Space Weather Week

12. Systems versus Systems of systems
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Systems versus Systems of systems
11th European Space Weather Week

13. A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Analysis approach
Contribution of instruments to overall SWE capability
Contribution of each satellite (or space mission) to overall SWE capability
Uncertainties usually faced by space systems
Governance approach
Redundancy and deployment alternatives
Qualitative adaptability assessment
Redefinition of SWE (space segment) architecture
Deployment strategy
11th European Space Weather Week

14. Dependencies M products and derived products
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Dependencies M products and derived products
11th European Space Weather Week

15. Capability loss analysis
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Capability loss analysis
11th European Space Weather Week

16. Capability contribution analysis
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Capability contribution analysis
11th European Space Weather Week

17. Capability for money ...yet SSO LEO maximum absolute capability
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Capability for money
...yet SSO LEO maximum absolute capability
11th European Space Weather Week

18. Other hosting opportunities?
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Other hosting opportunities?
11th European Space Weather Week

19. Impact of NGRM (in-situ) not driving capability analysis
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Impact of NGRM (in-situ) not driving capability analysis
11th European Space Weather Week

20. Limited to European assets – What is the cost of ownership?
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Governance approach
Limited to European assets – What is the cost of ownership?
11th European Space Weather Week

21. Adaptability assessment – Approach
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Adaptability assessment – Approach
UNCERTAINTIES
DESIGN OPTIONS
Satellite duplication
Satellite duplication & phased deployment
Instrument duplication within satellite
Instrument duplication in different orbit
Launch delay
New user requirements
In-orbit failure
Budget fluctuation
Qualititative – Not probabilistic based due to time limitations
11th European Space Weather Week

22. Adaptability assessment – Schedule delay example
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Adaptability assessment – Schedule delay example
Nominal
Redundant satellites
Redundant satellites & Phased deployment
11th European Space Weather Week

23. Adaptability assessment – Results
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Adaptability assessment – Results
Case
Sch delay
New user reqs
Budget delay
In-orbit failure
Investment
Investment profile
0. Baseline 3 5
1. Satellite duplication
2. Satellite duplication & phased deployment 4
4.5
3. Overlapping replenishment
3.5
4. Instrument duplication with each satellite 2
5. Instrument duplication in different orbits
2.5 1
11th European Space Weather Week

24. Deployment strategy – New insights from adaptability
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Deployment strategy – New insights from adaptability
Option a) GOES/EXIS moves from SSO to L1
Option b) SWAP+SolO/PRW move from SSO to L1
So... Why Option a) not baseline for L1?
Because of ADAPTABILITY!
11th European Space Weather Week

25. Deployment strategy – Results
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Deployment strategy – Results
Objective: maximize cumulated capability
L1 satellite option a)
SSO satellite
Polar LEO satellite
L5 satellite
Low altitude LEO
But L1 replenishment with BASELINE L1 satellite!
11th European Space Weather Week

26. Conclusions and future work
A Governance-Driven Solution for a European Space Weather ‎Monitoring System
Conclusions and future work
A cost-effective solution for a SWE has been presented
The value of governance, capability and adaptability analyses was proven by showcasing their application on the space segment of the proposed architecture
Future work is proposed to expand such activities to the full SWE and to:
Model quantitatively all types of uncertainties
Validate capability/value models of SWE services
Automate generation of design alternatives
Automate generation of uncertain future scenarios
Perform Monte Carlo analyses with optimization to identify best-value design alternatives and deployment strategies
11th European Space Weather Week