1. HONORS BIOLOGY CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

2. #1 Why is fluid mosaic a good description of the plasma membrane?
Structures shift in place
Watery hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic (fatty tails)

3. Why is the cell membrane called a phospholipid bilayer? #1
Why is the cell membrane called a phospholipid bilayer?
Two layers of phospho heads and fatty acid tails

4. #2 Six functions of proteins in a plasma membrane: p.74 Attach to ECM
Signal transduction
Transport
Intercellular junction
Cell-cell recognition
Enzymatic activity

5. #3 Can easily enter Hydrophobic molecules (oil soluble): O2, N2
Nonpolar: benzene
Very small uncharged or small polar molecules: H2O, Urea, glycerol, CO2
Can NOT easily enter
Large uncharged Glucose,Sucrose
Polar molecules sucrose (see OH groups)
Hydrophilic
Ions (charged) H+ , Na+ , HCO3 , K+, Ca2+, Cl-, Mg2+

6. #4 3 types of passive transport Diffusion-just passing of hi to low
Osmosis-passing of water thru a selectively permeable memb.
Facilitated – Hi to low through a protein channel

7. #5 What does it mean to go “down the gradient?”
Move from hi to low concentration
What does it mean to go “against the gradient?
Move from low to high (with energy)

8. #6
What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in:
10% 4% 0%

9. #6
What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in:
REMEMBER: HYPO TO HYPER
10% 4% 0% 4%

10. #7
What is tonicity?
Measure of osmotic pressure gradient determined by the solute concentration that cannot cross the selectively permeable membrane

11. #7
Note water flows from high water concentration to low (hypo to hyper)

12. #8 Animal Cells

13. #8 Plants

14. #9 How does the contractile vacuole control water in a paramecium?
Contractile vacuole youtube
Water squeezed out of vacuole

15. #10 What is an aquaporin? Integral membrane proteins moving water
3 billion more times than just moving through a regular plasma membrane

16. #11 Protein channels span the membrane.
Exocytosis and endocytosis are both
active transport.
Protein channels span the membrane.
Endocytosis and exocytosis engulf the particle with the membrane.

17. #12
Large liquid receptors
Particle drops specific

18. #13 Ability to cause change or do work L. energy Thermal energy
O. heat

19. 13 Energy as a result of location or structure I. potential
Type of energy released or need in molecules
N. chemical

20. #13 Study of energy transformations M thermodynamics
Reaction that releases energy
E. exergonic

21. Makes products rich in potential energy G. Endergonic Energy of motion
#13
Makes products rich in potential energy
G. Endergonic
Energy of motion
J. kinetic

22. #13 Measure of disorder B. Entropy Energy in the universe is constant
C.1st Law of Thermodynamics

23. #13 Energy from exergonic to run endergonic K. Energy coupling
Total of an organism’s chemical reactions
F. metabolism

24. #13
Series of chemical reactions.
A. Metabolic pathway

25. #13 Energy conversions increase the entropy
D. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Cells use oxygen to release energy from molecules
H. Cellular respiration

26. #14
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate

27. #15 What part of the ATP molecule is lost or gained? Phosphate
Is ATP recyclable?
YES

28. Is ATP made by phosphorylation?
#16
Is ATP made by phosphorylation?
YES ADP + P = ATP
ADP is made by hydrolysis.
ATP = ADP + P

29. #17
Is ATP made from exergonic reactions or endergonic?
Endergonic

30. #18 What is activation energy?
Amount of energy needed to get a reaction going.
Why is this energy needed?
Reactants are stable and bonds need to be broken or distorted.

31. #18 How do enzymes affect the amount of activation energy needed?
Reduces the activation energy needed
Why?
Enzyme brings the reactants together.

32. #19 Why are enzymes called “Biological catalysts?
They are proteins (biological) and speed up reactions without changing themselves.

33. #20
SKETCH HOW AN ENZYME WORKS:

34. #21
What is the purpose of the “induced fit” of an enzyme-substrate complex?
The enzyme slightly changes the shape of the active site to contort/break substrate bonds.

35. #22
Why might too high temperatures make an enzyme not function properly?
Denature (unravel) the enzyme and change the shape of the active site.

36. #23 What is the optimal temperature for most human enzymes?
35-40o C
What is the optimal pH for most enzymes?
6-8

37. #24 What is the difference between cofactors and coenzymes?
Cofactors are inorganic and coenzymes are organic.

38. #25
Sketch an enzyme with a competitive inhibitor.

39. #26
Sketch an enzyme and its substrate with a noncompetitive inhibitor.

41. #28
What is it called if a cell produces more product than it needs and the product act as an inhibitor?
Feedback inhibition (negative feedback)

42. #29 MATCH Ibuprofen Penicillin Beta blockers Protease inhibitors
Inhibits prostanglandins (sensation of pain)
Blocks bact. Cell walls
Blood pressure meds
Target HIV
Ibuprofen
Penicillin
Beta blockers
Protease inhibitors

43. #30

44. #31 LABEL THE PLASMA MEMBRANE: Phospho head A1 Cholesterol E
Lipid tail A2
Protein pump G
Carbohydrate chain D
Glycolipid F

45. Passive transport protein
#31 H I A B C
Peripheral protein
Glycoprotein
Phospholipid
Receptor protein
Passive transport protein

46. 32.
If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water. 1M
0.8 M
0.6 M
0.4 M
0.2 M
0.0 M

47. 32. movement of water 1M in tube
0.0 M in/out
If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water.

48. What is the molarity of the potato core
What is the molarity of the potato core? (where line crosses zero line) 0.3M