1. DNA as Genetic Material – Structure and Replication
Chapter 16

2. Warm-Up
Working with your table partner, write as many things as you can remember about DNA on your whiteboard!!
Share!!
Keep track on your whiteboard of your ideas that have already been shared so you don’t repeat what someone else has already said and our discussion isn’t redundant…

3. Follow-Up
On your sticky note, take 1-2 minutes to write your name and any questions you have about DNA – at the end of class, we’ll see if your questions have been answered and if not we’ll address them over the next few weeks!
If no questions come to mind right away, think about DNA technology and how

4. Brief Overview of the Timeline of DNA

5. With your table partners…
You have pictures of the experiments/results of 4 key experiments in the development of determining that DNA is the genetic material
1) Griffith 2) Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod
3) Hershey & Chase 4) Chargaff
For each experiment…
Briefly describe what occurred in the experiment (set-up and results)
Determine what could be concluded about DNA from that experiment

6. Griffith

7. Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod

8. Hershey and Chase

9. Chargaff

10. Rosalind Franklin

11. James Watson and Francis Crick
Read the original paper that Watson and Crick reported presenting their model for DNA structure
As you read, underline/highlight the information that you recognize either from our discussion today or from your previous exposure to learning about DNA [the language will be challenging – focus on the facts!]
Then, briefly describe what data helped them build their model and the key structural components/conclusions they identified

13. Business Quest Quiz over structure/replication the MONDAY we get back!
Due the Thursday we get back
Some questions about scientists, structure, and replication… others about protein synthesis
You may get ahead over the break 
Quiz over structure/replication the MONDAY we get back!

14. Details of DNA Structure

15. Proteins that DNA wraps around
From DNA to Chromosome
chromosome
A strand of human DNA is about 3 m long…
How does it fit into all our cells??
Supercoiling
nucleus
cell
Proteins that DNA wraps around
histones
Nitrogen
bases
DNA

16. Details of DNA Structure
Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids
5 carbon sugar
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen Base
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Phosphate
5’ Carbon 5’ 4’ 1’ 2’ 3’
3’ Hydroxyl

17. Details of DNA Structure
5’ Carbon
3’ Hydroxyl
What do you notice about the 5’ and 3’ ends of the two strands?
They’re ANTIPARALLEL!!
Why? For the nucleotide bases to line up
3’ Hydroxyl
5’ Carbon

18. Details of DNA Structure
5’ Carbon
3’ Hydroxyl
What holds the nucleotides together?
3’ Hydroxyl
5’ Carbon

19. Details of DNA Structure
Nucleotide Bases: Purines and Pyrimidines
PURINES
“Aggies are Pure” – A and G are Purines which have 2 rings
PYRIMIDINES
“TCU Cheerleaders build Pyramids” – T, C, and U (in RNA) are Pyrimidines have one ring

20. Details of DNA Structure
5’ Carbon
3’ Hydroxyl
What do you notice about the number of hydrogen bonds between the different bases?
3’ Hydroxyl
5’ Carbon

21. CFU
Which letter represents the bonds that will be broken when a strand of DNA gets replicated?

22. CFU What type of bonds are the bonds between the nucleotides? Covalent
Ionic
Van der Waals
Hydrogen

23. CFU
Which letter represents the 3’ end of the DNA molecule?

24. CFU
Which letter represents a purine?

25. CFU
Which pair of nucleotides must be C and G?

26. CFU Which base pairs are most likely easier to break and why?
A-T because they are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds
C-G because they are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds
A-T because they are both purines
C-G because one is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine

27. CFU
Which letter represents thymine?

28. DNA Replication Flashback!
When in the cell cycle does replication occur?
When does the cell check for mutations?
What should happen to the cell if mutations are detected? (2 things!)

29. DNA Replication

30. Meselson and Stahl

31. Meselson and Stahl

35. DNA Replication

36. DNA Replication Coordinated by a large team of enzymes! helicases
polymerases
ligases
primases

37. DNA Replication
Problem: Nucleotides can only be added to the 3’ end by DNA Polymerase III…
Solution: Okazaki
Leading and Lagging Strands
Leading Strand
Continuous synthesis
Lagging Strand
Okazaki fragments
Joined by ligase

38. Many little pieces of 5’  3’ linked together later
Remember: DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end, so DNA gets built in the 5’  3’ direction! 3’ 5’
Parental DNA 5’
Okazaki fragments 3’
DNA polymerase 3’
Ligase 5’
Leading and lagging have the same origin of replication, but since DNA polymerase can only add on the 3’ end, the lagging strand has to start backwards and make little pieces to link together
Leading strand
One piece of 5’  3’
Lagging strand
Many little pieces of 5’  3’ linked together later

39. Priming DNA Synthesis
DNA polymerase can only extend an existing DNA molecule; it cannot start a new one
Short RNA primer is built first on parent DNA by primase
RNA primer later removed by DNA polymerase I

40. Primase builds the RNA primer Replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA
Priming DNA Synthesis
Closer look…
Primase builds the RNA primer
Replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA
Primase
DNA polymerase

41. DNA Replication

42. Model It! Nucleic Acids Parent/template strands DNA (blue beads)
Daughter strands DNA (orange beads)
Primer RNA (white beads)
Enzymes
Helicase (black pipe cleaner)
DNA polymerase III (yellow pipe cleaner)
Primase (white pipe cleaner)
DNA ligase (blue pipe cleaner)

43. Test your understanding… On some paper, write A – H and decide whether each letter represents the 3’ or 5’ end of DNA. Then, label the sections (A-B, C-D, etc) as “leading” or “lagging”
A-B: Leading
C-D: Lagging B C A D 5’ 3’ 3’ 5’ 3’ 5’ E H 3’ 5’ G F
F-E: Leading
H-G: Lagging

44. Editing and Proofreading DNA
Why do we not always get cancer?
DNA can repair itself!!!
Since DNA polymerase III does 1,000 base pairs/second, it makes a lot of errors
DNA Polymerase I (only 20 bp/sec) excises mismatched bases, repairs the DNA, and removes the primer
DNA polymerase I reduces error from 1 in 10,000 bp to 1 in 100 million bp!!

45. Problems at the end…
Ends of chromosomes are “eroded” with each replication (don’t get fully copied)
Telomeres are expendable, non-coding sequences at the ends of the DNA strand
short sequence of bases repeated 1000s of times
TTAGGG in humans

46. Telomeres and Aging
In the absence of telomerase, the telomere will become shorter after each cell division.  When it reaches a certain length, the cell may cease to divide and die. 

47. Putting it ALL together
Summarize the roles of the key enzymes
Label the diagram showing the steps of DNA replication
DNA Structure – Questions and Practice

48. Summary of Replication Enzymes
Function
Helicase
Primase
DNA Polymerase I
DNA Polymerase III
Ligase
Unzips DNA (breaks H-bonds between nucleotides)
Builds RNA primer in leading strand and Okazaki fragments
Adds DNA nucleotides (20 bp/s); replaces RNA primer with DNA; repairs errors in DNA
Adds DNA nucleotides (1,000 bp/s)
Joins Okazaki fragments (using phosphate groups)

49. In the diagram below, label the key enzymes and structures in DNA replication. Be sure to label 3’ and 5’ ends, too!