1. Microprocessor – Intro!
Md. Atiqur Rahman Ahad

2. Introduction to Microcontrollers
Parts of computer: CPU, memory, I/O
CPU: Control and data path
Memory: Stores instruction and data
Input/output: Interact with the outside of computers

3. Why Study Microprocessor Design?
Examples of why you want low-power solutions.
Here are two wristwatches, one from IBM which runs Linux and one from Samsung which is the world’s smallest cellphone. It is voice-controlled and also works as a watch!
Here are two prototype devices for helping blind people to see. The upper one is a system which converts visual data into sounds. The special glasses contain a miniature camera and the computer in the backpack convert the visual images into a sound picture which enable the wearer to see in a very useful way. In this example, the lady is able to pinpoint the location of her stick and pick it up purely by interpreting the sound signals she receives.
Below is a more sophisticated and altogether more scary system. This one also builds a camera into a special pair of glasses but them feeds the signals directly into an implant in the visual cortex in the brain. I didn’t include the pictures of that bit because they made me a bit queasy!
Finally, a research project which is currently going on at MIT in the States to build a complete wearable computing platform, complete with wireless connections, optical sensors and displays and so on. It doesn’t look up to much and you wouldn’t win any fashion awards in it but they do say that it looks very nice when built into a smart blue shirt.

4. Why Study Microprocessor Design?
Sony Playstation 2000
(as reported in Microprocessor Report, Vol 13, No. 5)
Emotion Engine: 6.2 GFLOPS, 75 million polygons per second
Graphics Synthesizer: 2.4 Billion pixels per second
Claim: Toy Story realism brought to games!

5. Why Study Microprocessor Design?
Wireless Sensor Networks Platform
Power Metering Application

6. Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
A microprocessor is a CPU on a single chip.
If a microprocessor, its associated support circuitry, memory and peripheral I/O components are implemented on a single chip, it is a microcontroller.

7. What is an Embedded System?
A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function.
In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the case of an anti-lock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer.
Examples range from washing machines, cellular phones to missiles and space shuttles.

8. Microcontroller (MCU)
Embedded Systems
Operations managed behind the scenes by a microcontroller
Microcontroller (MCU)
An integrated electronic computing device that includes three major components on a single chip
Microprocessor (MPU)
Memory
I/O (Input/Output) ports

9. What is an Embedded System?
Electronic devices that incorporate a computer (usually a microprocessor) within their implementation.
A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to simplify the system design and to provide flexibility.
Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is present.

10. Killer apps! Communications  network routers, switches, hubs.
Children’s toys 
Fuel injection control, passenger environmental controls, anti-lock braking systems,
Air bag controls,
GPS mapping.
Automotive Navigation systems, automatic landing systems, flight attitude controls,
Engine controls, space exploration ……..

11. Where are the embedded devices?
Mention the ubiquity of handheld devices and things that run on one battery

12. Instrumentations: Data collection, oscilloscopes, signal generators, signal analyzers, power supplies.
Industrial: Elevator controls, surveillance systems, robots.
Home: Dishwashers, microwave ovens, VCRs, televisions, stereos, fire/security alarm systems, lawn sprinkler controls, thermostats, cameras, clock radios, answering machines.
Printers, scanners, keyboards, displays, modems, hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives.

13. Embedded Rocks!
Embedded processors account for 100% of worldwide microprocessor production!
Embedded:desktop = 100:1

14. Embedded Systems is a big, fast growing industry
 $ 40 billions in 2000
 $92.0 billion in 2008
 $112.5 billion (estimated) by the end of 2013
Embedded hardware was worth $89.8 billion in 2008 and is expected to reach $109.6 billion in 2013
Embedded software generated $2.2 billion in This should increase to $2.9 billion in 2013
Microprocessors/Microcontrollers are the core of embedded systems.

15. http://www. bccresearch

16. Computer Technology  Dramatic Change
Processor
2X in speed every 1.5 years; 100X performance in last decade
Memory
DRAM capacity: 2X / 2 years; 64X size in last decade
Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year
Disk
capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years
Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year
250X size in last decade

17. Computer Technology  Dramatic Change!
State-of-the-art PC (at least…)
Processor clock speed: MegaHertz (5.0 GigaHertz)
Memory capacity: MegaBytes (4.0 GigaBytes)
Disk capacity: 2000 GigaBytes (2.0 TeraBytes)
New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Tera
(Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta = 1024)
Kilo, Mega, etc. are incorrect Terminologies!

18. Microprocessors
are everywhere
in our life.

19. Microcontroller Components – Memory
Each memory location has a specific address
We must supply an address to access the corresponding location
R/W allows us to select reading or writing
Various types of memory for different functions and speeds
Memory location 0
Memory location 1
address
data
Memory location n-2
Memory location n-1
r/w

20. Microcontroller Components – Memory
Read Only Memory - Memory that can only be read
Holds the program code for a microprocessor used in an embedded system where the code is always the same and is executed every time the system is switched on
Computer BIOS, boot-up information
Other types of Read Only Memory
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) – Similar to ROM but can be erased (exposure to ultraviolet light) and reprogrammed
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) – more common that EPROM because it can be erased by the microprocessor
Flash Memory, Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM), Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM)

21. Microcontroller Components – Memory
Random Access Memory – used to store dynamic data when processor is running
Holds program code and data during execution
Can be accesses in any random order – unlike takes or disks
Some types of RAM
Static RAM (SRAM) – Uses transistors to store bits, fast SRAM is used for cache
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – Uses capacitors to store bits, must be refreshed, smaller and cheaper than SRAM
Fast Page Mode (FPM), Extended Data Out (EDO)
Synchrounous DRAM (SDRAM) – introduced in 1997 and replaced most DRAM in computers by 2000
Double Data Rate (DDR SDRAM) – uses both clock edges found today in most computers
Direct Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) – somewhat of a flop

22. Microcontroller Components – CPU
Smart part
Processes instructions and data
All the parts of a microprocessor
Registers – fast memory used to store operands and other information
Condition register – positive/negative result
Exception register – overflow condition
Loop count register
Load-store architecture
Register 0
data
address
Register 1
r/w
Register n-1
inst
ALU
CPU

23. Microcontroller Components – I/O
Connection to the outside world
Examples
Analog to Digital Converter
Temperature Sensor
Display
Communications Circuit

24. Microcontroller Components – BUS
Group of wires used to transport information
CPU to Memory
Address bus
Data bus
CPU to I/O
Port mapped I/O – used when address space is limited, special instructions are needed for I/O
Memory mapped I/O – I/O looks like memory locations, easier to use and common in Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)

25. MPU-Based Systems System hardware System software Discrete components
Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O
Components connected by buses
Address, Data, and Control
System software
A group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system

26. MPU-Based Time and Temperature System

27. MCU-Based Systems
Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and support devices (such as timers) on a single semiconductor chip
Buses are generally not available to a system designer
I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be programmed to perform different functions

28. MCU-Based Time and Temperature System

29. Read -- Computer Architectures
Princeton versus Harvard Architecture
CISC versus RISC processors
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
ELEC 330

30. Processor Performance
CPU Time
= # Cycles × Cycle Time
= # Instructions × CPI × Cycle Time
CPI: Cycles per instruction

31. Embedded System Programming
Key factors in embedded programming
Speed – timing constraints, limited processing power
Code size – limited memory, power
Programming methods
Machine Code – bits
Low level language – assembly
High level language – C, C++, Java
Application level language – Visual Basic, Access
Levels of abstraction – factor out details to focus on few concepts at a time

32. Embedded System Programming
Why use C in embedded programming?
Ease of management of large embedded projects
Provides an additional level above assembly programming
Fairly efficient
Supports access to I/O
Why use assembly?
High speed, low code size
However, difficult to do a large project in assembly

33. From various sources