1. Chapter 47-1, 2 Circulatory System
Blood: the "chemical highway" that connects the many cells of an organism
Carries nutrients, oxygen to each cell
Carries wastes away from cells (CO2, urea) to kidneys, lungs, skin
Carries enzymes, hormones, water, antibodies around body for distribution

2. Components of Blood Men, on average, have about 10-12 pints
Women, on average, have about 8-10 pints
each cc (cubic mL) of blood contains about 4 million RBCs and 7,000 WBCs

3. Plasma Plasma = 60% of blood; straw-colored fluid
about 90% of the plasma is water
carries most CO2, nutrients, plasma proteins, hormones, etc.
plasma proteins:
albumin (to maintain high osmotic potential)
fibrinogen (clotting)
globulins (immunity, antibodies)

4. Red Blood Cells Called “erythrocytes”
Transport oxygen; about 30 trillion in bloodstream
contain HEMOGLOBIN (red pigment protein) which acts like an "oxygen magnet"; iron
non-nucleated (cannot repair themselves)
short lifespan ( days)
Replaced from bone marrow stem cells

5. White Blood Cells called “leukocytes” 1 or 2 WBC for every 1,000 RBC
larger than RBC, have nucleus, no hemoglobin, colorless
Can migrate outside of vessels (RBC’s cannot) to directly cleanse tissues (lymph)
Some act by: phagocytosis of bacteria/viruses/etc.
Others make antibodies (proteins) that attack microorganisms
"Pus"-dead WBC; new WBC form in spleen, bone marrow

6. Platelets colorless, oval/irregular shaped smaller than RBCs
"little bags of chemicals" that function in clotting and plugging up breaks in vessels
Blood Clotting- a complex series of chemical reactions, involving platelets and plasma "clotting factors".  Often referred to as the "clotting cascade".
     Thromboplastin
(produced in liver)
Prothrombin >Thrombin
       
Fibrinogen > Fibrin
15 CF’s involved in this conversation (Hemophiliacs usually genetically lack Factor VIII)
clotting animation

7. The Cardiovascular System

8. Vascular Circuitry
Heart--->Arteries--->Arterioles--->Capillaries--->Venules--->Veins--->Heart (etc)

9. Arteries thick, muscular walls, elastic, to allow for high pressure
made of layers of endothelium/muscle/connective tissues
Narrow down into smaller arterioles

10. Veins carry blood back toward the heart thinner walls (than arteries)
less elastic (less pressure to withstand)
have valves to prevent backflow
endothelium, muscle, connective tissue layers
narrow down into smaller diameter venules

11. Arteries –vs- Veins (anatomy)

12. Capillaries Diffusion the site of all exchange with cells
in very close contact with all cells
Lined with a single layer of epithelium
smallest diameter of all vessels -only about 5 micrometers in diameter- (RBCs pass in single file)

13. Atherosclerosis …is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels.
Main cause: cholesterol buildup in arteries (plaques)
It is commonly referred to as "hardening" of the arteries.
It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries
This often leads not only to clogs, but also hypertension (high blood pressure), which both may result in heart attacks.

14. The Heart

15. Evolution of the Heart
simplest (in earthworms) are enlarged, muscular portions of a blood vessel = "aortic arches"
Mollusks= tube shaped heart with open circulation
Vertebrates= multi-chambered heart with closed circulation
multiple chambers serve to separate oxygenated/ deoxygenated blood
Atrium (receiving chamber)
Ventricle (pumping chamber)

16. The Human Heart is made of epithelial, nerve, connective tissues and cardiac muscle (infatiguable)
Four chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
septum- dividing wall between right and left side of heart
valves at strategic locations prevent backflow
separation into chambers prevents mixing oxygenated, deoxygenated blood
Do right and left seem backward? That's because you're looking at an illustration of somebody else's heart. To think about how your own heart works, imagine wearing this illustration on your chest. Did you know that your heart beats over 100,000 times a day? Get "heart smart" by checking out these amazing heart facts.

17. The Human Heart
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava lead into heart (right atrium)
Pulmonary artery brings blood to lungs; pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the heart
Aorta leads out to systemic circulation
semilunar valves: prevent backflow between vessels/chambers
atrioventricular valves: (mitral and tricuspid) between atria & ventricles; allow one-way flow between atria and ventricle

18. Trace the Path of Blood Through the Heart
“How Stuff Works” narrated animation of cardiac parts & cycle
How your heart works (animation)

19. Initiation and Regulation of Heartbeat
Cardiac muscle is able to initiate its own impulse
Sinoatrial Node (SA)- "pacemaker" in Right Atrium; initiates beat through both Atria; stimulates another area near center of heart called AV Node
Atrioventicular Node (AV)...then impulse is carried to the ventricles by the BH
Bundle of His (BH) = like the transfer of an electrical current along a circuit
Heart Rate (bpm) is modified by the Autonomic Nervous System (vagus nerve)
Parasympathetic Nerves- slow down HR
Sympathetic Nerves- increase HR

20. Oxygen-poor blood (shown in blue) flows from the body into the right atrium.
Blood flows through the right atrium into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs, where the blood releases waste gases and picks up oxygen.
The newly oxygen-rich blood (shown in red) returns to the heart and enters the left atrium.
Blood flows through the left atrium into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body.
To assess heart rate (BPM), take your arterial pulse!
@ rest?
After exercise?

21. How much blood does the heart pump?
The heart pumps the equivalent of 5,000 to 6,000 quarts (about 6800 L) of blood each day!
Total volume of blood pumped by heart per minute = “cardiac output”
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke volume
(L/min) = (BPM) x (L/beat)
[ex: 72 BPM x 0.07 L/beat = 5 L/min.]

22. Blood Pressure Regulation
arterial BP >>> venous BP
120 = systole; ventricles contract (empty);arteriole diameter enlarged
80 =diastole; ventricles relax (fill)
Cardiovascular Regulating Center (in medulla)
controls activity of the nerves regulating the smooth (circular) muscle contraction of the blood vessel
also controls strength of heartbeat, HR
receives and interprets and responds to sensors through the cardiovascular system (esp. in the walls of the vessels) baroreceptors, CO2 receptors

23. The Lymphatic System
Under arterial pressure, the BP exceeds the osmotic potential, thus forcing some plasma and WBC out into tissues.
This “lymphatic fluid” is collected by Lymph vessels which clean the tissue/ cellular debris (such as bacteria) out of the body cells.
Lymph flows thru Lymph Nodes to be cleaned
These also make Lymphocytes (WBC’s)
Lymph re-enters the circulatory vessels via the Subclavian Veins in the neck (back into bloodstream)