1. Remember: What was the Monroe Doctrine? (1823): ISOLATIONIST
*Europe “Stay Out” of
Western Hemisphere
*West different from Europe (republics)
*U.S. regard as threat any attempt
by Europe to colonize West
*U.S. will not interfere in Europe

2. ISOLATION TEST CASE: ALASKA
Purchased from Russia (1867) for 7.2 million dollars
Negotiated by Secretary of State, William Seward
Reaction is negative--“Seward’s Folly”/ “Seward’s Icebox”

3. $7.2 million = 2 cents an acre

4. In what ways will America’s foreign policy change
at the turn of the 20th century?
I. America will emerge as a world power and
adopt an imperialist outlook.
Imperialism- the policy in which stronger nations extend their
economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.

6. “Progress to Imperialism”

7. “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

8. Case in Point: Africa
Ethiopia and Liberia are
the only two independent
African nations in 1914

9. What year is a “key” turning
point in U.S. expansion?

10. II. America Expands its influence--***1898
William McKinley
( )
Expansionist President

11. McKinley and Imperialism
“Hawaiian islands should be controlled by the U.S. and
no foreign power shall be permitted to interfere” McKinley
1) Hawaii:
(1875)American business interests in
sugar plantations grows- duty free
(1887)Pearl Harbor
(1891)Queen Liliuokalani/ “Hawaii for
Hawaiians”, forced from power
(***1898)Annexed

12. Sanford Dole, Hawaii’s 1st territorial governor.

13. McKinley and Imperialism
2) Spanish-American War (***1898):
Cuba Libre!!-
free Cuba from Spanish rule
Jose Marti and Cuban revolutionaries
attack property, including American
owned sugar plantations
“Liberty is the right of every man to be honest,
to think and to speak without hypocrisy.”
Jose Marti--

14. Spain sends General Valeriano Weyler to “restore order.”
Herds est. 300,000 Cubans into concentration camps.

15. What is the message to Americans?

16. William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and
Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) publish
exaggerated accounts of Spanish atrocities,
Yellow Journalism
Hearst
Pulitzer

17. Feb. 1898--U.S.S. Maine explodes (266 Americans killed)
Yellow Journalists blame Spain, but likely an accident
April 20, 1898 America declares war
“Remember the Maine”

18. What is the Bill of Fare?
Which President does the waiter portray?
What is Uncle Sam’s attitude toward the offering?

21. McKinley and Imperialism
U.S. views new territories
as “protectorates”
Philippines-
Removal Policies (1899)
to suppress revolutionaries
(Emilio Aguinaldo)
Puerto Rico-
Foraker Act (1900)
Cuba-
Platt Amendment (1901)
“Civilization Begins at Home” (1889)

22. McKinley and Imperialism
4.) China
Divided into “Spheres of Influence”
by England, Germany, Russia,
France, Japan.
Queen Victoria (England),
Wilhelm II (Germany), NicholasII (Russia),
Marianne (France), Samurai (Japan)

23. John Hay- U.S. Secretary of State issues a series of
policy statements called the “Open Door Notes” (1899)
(open trade in China, opened greater U.S. role in Asia)

24. Resistance in China
Boxer Rebellion (1900)-
Secret society, “Boxers,” terrorize Christian
missionaries and other “foreign devils.”
Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and
U.S. suppress uprising.

25. What is the Bill of Fare?
Which President does the waiter portray?
What is Uncle Sam’s attitude toward the offering?

26. III. Imperialism under Theodore Roosevelt’s Administration
( )
“Speak Softly and carry a Big Stick”
“Big Stick” = Powerful Military

27. Influence on “Big Stick” Policy
Alfred Mahan
The Influence of Sea Power upon History
(1890)
Advocated military expansion, modern fleet,
naval bases in Caribbean, canal in Panama,
annexation of Hawaii, and Pacific Islands
“I can say with perfect sincerity that I think it very much
the clearest and most instructive general work of the
kind…” Theodore Roosevelt

28. Influence on “Big Stick” Policy
Dewey’s heroic capture of
Manila Bay, Philippines in
Spanish-American War.

29. Influence on “Big Stick” Policy
TR’s tendency to view the world
in tests of strength.

30. Examples of “Big Stick” Policy
(Dec to Feb. 1909) U.S. Atlantic Fleet traveled around the
world. Mission “Gunboat Diplomacy.” Purpose was
to impress foreign dignitaries.

31. Examples of “Big Stick” Policy “Roosevelt Corollary”
to Monroe Doctrine-
U.S. assumes role
of policing Latin America.
Ensuring that European powers
stay out.

32. Examples of “Big Stick” Policy
Panama Canal ( )
Man-made waterway to connect
Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean.
Commercial and Military benefits….
Problem???
Columbia will blocks sell of
land to U.S.

33. TR’s Solution??
Nov. 1903, U.S. aids French
official Bunau-Varilla
to organize “revolution,”
declare independent Panama.
U.S. warships guard coast.

34. IV. Imperialism under William Howard Taft’s Administration
( )
“Dollar Diplomacy-”
influence outlying areas
without controlling them.
American investments.
“dollars for bullets”

35. (1911) U.S. supports revolution in Nicaragua, led by Adolfo Diaz
officer of American-owned mining property. U.S. lends $15 million
in exchange for control of Nicaragua’s bank, customs, railroad.

36. V. Imperialism under Woodrow Wilson’s Administration
( )
“Missionary Diplomacy”-
U.S. has moral responsibility
to deny recognition to any
Latin Am. government it
viewed as oppressive,
undemocratic, hostile.
“…never again seek one additional
foot of territory by conquest…” Wilson

37. Unrest in Mexico. Revolution threatens stability and
American business.
Porfirio Diaz
(Dictator to
1911-
encouraged
Am. business)
Francisco Madero
(Democratic
reformer, ruled
until 1913)
Victoriano
Huerta
(murdered Madero
seize control
in 1913)
Venustiano
Carranza
(U.S. supported,
leader 1914)

38. Problem??: Pancho Villa, Mexican bandit

39. (Jan- 1916) murdered Americans, burned Columbus, New Mexico.

41. General
John Pershing-
12,000 U.S. troops sent to
capture Villa. Anti-American
feeling increases.
U.S. withdrawals 1917, turns to
WWI.