1. How do the three main types of rocks form?
Chapter Introduction

2. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC
Rocks and the Rock Cycle
How are rocks classified?
What is the rock cycle?
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

3. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab
Rocks and the Rock Cycle
rock
grain
texture
magma
lava
sediment
rock cycle
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

4. Rocks A rock is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or grains.
Geologists call the fragments that make up a rock grains.
Geologists use a grain’s size, shape, and chemical composition to classify rocks.
Earth’s surface can cause rocks to break apart into many different-sized fragments.
Lesson 1-1

5. Rocks (cont.)
The grain size and the way grains fit together in a rock are called texture.
When a geologist classifies a rock by its texture, he or she looks at the size of minerals or grains in the rock, the arrangement of these grains, and the overall feel of the rock.
Texture can be used to determine the environment in which a rock formed.
Lesson 1-1

6. Rocks (cont.)
The minerals or grains in a rock help geologists classify its composition.
Composition can be used to determine where a rock formed, such as inside a volcano or in a river.
Nancy Simmerman/Getty Images
Lesson 1-1

7. Rocks (cont.)
How are rocks classified?
Lesson 1-1

8. Three Major Rock Types
The three major groups of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it creates igneous rock.
Magma is molten or liquid rock underground.
Lava is magma that erupts on Earth’s surface.
Lesson 1-2

9. Three Major Rock Types (cont.)
Rock fragments, mineral crystals, or the remains of certain plants and animals, are the building blocks of sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks form where sediment is deposited.
Sediment is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved in water as rocks erode.
Lesson 1-2

10. Three Major Rock Types (cont.)
Sediment can be deposited in environments like rivers and streams, deserts, and valleys.
deposit
Science Use sediment or rock added to a landform
Common Use to put money in a bank
Lesson 1-2

11. Three Major Rock Types (cont.)
Metamorphic rocks can form from any igneous or sedimentary rock or even another metamorphic rock.
When rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure, such as along plate boundaries, they can change to metamorphic rocks.
Chemical fluids can also cause rocks to become metamorphic rocks.
Lesson 1-2

12. The Rock Cycle
The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock is called the rock cycle.
Lesson 1-2

13. The Rock Cycle (cont.)
Forces on Earth’s surface and deep within Earth drive the rock cycle.
On the surface, rocks can change due to natural processes, such as weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.
Lesson 1-3

14. The Rock Cycle (cont.)
Some rock cycle processes occur only beneath Earth’s surface, such as those that involve extreme temperature, pressure, and melting.
Uplift is a tectonic process that forces these rocks onto Earth’s surface.
Lesson 1-3

15. The Rock Cycle (cont.)
What is the rock cycle?
Lesson 1-2

16. Rocks are a natural solid mixture of minerals or grains.
Texture describes the size and arrangement of minerals or grains in a rock.
Nancy Simmerman/Getty Images
Lesson 1 - VS

17. The rock cycle represents a series of processes that change one rock type into another.
Lesson 1 - VS

18. What do geologists call the fragments that make up a rock?
A. minerals
B. magma
C. igneous rock
D. grains
Lesson 1 – LR1

19. What is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces by water erosion?
A. lava
B. sediment
C. metamorphic rock
D. magma
Lesson 1 – LR2

20. When rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure they can change into which of these?
A. metamorphic rock
B. igneous rock
C. sedimentary rock
D. volcanic rock
Lesson 1 – LR3