1. Visual Field Examinations
Week 7 Review

2. Visual field examinations review
Perimetry- the science of measuring the peripheral vision in order to determine the visual field. (The art of determining boundaries of the visual field.)
Visual field- the portion of visual space which is visible to an individual at any given moment.
Isopter-Boundaries of VF areas of equal or greater sensitivity. Isopters are used in Goldmann perimetry. Each isopter is labeled with the size and intensity of the stimulus.

3. Visual field review
Threshold-A stimulus intensity which has a 50% probability of being seen. This test compares what has the probability of being seen with the possible inaccuracy of the test. Computerized perimetry only.
Asb- intensity value of a stimulus. Used in static perimetry. Smaller asb= greater retinal sensitivity.
dB- intensity value of a stimulus. Larger dB= greater retinal sensitivity.

4. Visual field examinations review
Scotoma
Visual loss, either blindness (absolute) or decreased sensitivity (relative).
scotoma

5. Visual field examinations review
Island of vision
An analogy for visual field testing.

6. Visual field examinations review
degrees=temporal
75 degrees= inferior
60 degree= nasal
60 degrees=superior
Physiological blind spot
Normal visual field boundaries

7. Visual field examinations review
30-2 and 24-2 threshold- white lights, varying in intensity. Tests 30 or 24 degrees off the macula in all meridians on dilated patient. Macula- white lights, varying in intensity. Tests 5 degrees off the macula in all meridians on dilated patient. Plaquinil- red lights, varying in intensity. Tests 5 degrees of the macula in all meridians on dilated patient. Used for the drug “Plaquinil” which can damage cone photoreceptors.(RA) Bleph- White lights, fixed intensity testing the superior region of the visual field on an undilated patient. There is a lower fixation light. False positive-no light shown, patient responded. (“trigger happy”.) False negative-no response to a previously seen target.
Visual field examinations review
Computerized VF tests

8. Computerized visual field testing
30-2 threshold VF
Central 10/macular VF

9. Visual field examinations review
Screening tests
Minimal information done on a computerized VF.
Takes much less time to perform.
C= central region
P= peripheral region
FF= full field
The number after the letter indicates how many targets will be shown to the patient.
The targets are fixed intensity.
It does not print out in grey scale- screening tests will show a circle for seen targets and a black square for unseen targets.
Visual field examinations review
Computerized VF tests

10. Visual field examinations review
Confrontation visual field
Amsler grid

11. Visual field examinations review
Technician moves target, changes target intensity and size, watches fixation, plots chart, investigates a depression or scotoma. Goldmann VF testing can be done with static or kinetic targets. Isopters are used and are color coded or labeled to indicate intensity of target.
Goldmann manual VF

12. Visual field examinations review
Hemianopia-
Binocular-
Monocular-
Homonymous-
Congruent-
Incongruent-
Bi nasal-
Bi temporal-
Altitudinal-
Central cecal-
Nasal step-( bjerrum)
Temporal wedge-
Visual field examinations review
Types of scotomas

13. Visual field examinations review
Types of scotomas

14. Visual field examinations review
Monocular retinal zone
Nerve fiber/ optic nerve zone
Binocular chiasmal zone
Post chiasmal zone
Visual field examinations review
4 visual pathway zones

15. Visual field examinations review
Monocular retinal zone
This zone includes the retinal layer, sub retinal layer, rod and cone dystrophy or damage, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular pathology.
Characteristics
All defects will be monocular.
Most pathology will be visible with a scope.
Lesions temporal to fovea present nasal of VF. (inverted field image)
Lesions can cross meridians.
Central scotomas will cause abnormal VA and color vision will be compromised.
Visual field examinations review
4 majors visual pathway zones

16. Visual field examinations review
Nerve fiber/optic nerve zone
This zones includes glaucoma, papilledema, and nerve fiber bundle defects.
Characteristics
All defects will be monocular.
Both eyes can have the same disease causing congruent or incongruent scotomas.
Most defects will be visible with a scope.
Defects will points to the disc since nerve fibers are traveling towards this point.
Glaucomatous scotomas will respect the horizontal meridian.
Visual field examinations review
4 major visual pathway zones

17. Visual field examinations review
Binocular chiasmal zone
This zone includes pathology or damage to the pituitary gland.
Charateristics
Defects will be bilateral, most commonly bi temporal but bi nasal defects can also occur.
NOT visible with a scope, a CT-scan or MRI will be ordered.
Defects here are not an eye problem, this problem is in the brain and effects both eyes because the nasal axons or nerve fibers have crossed to the opposite side at the chiasm.
Defects will respects the vertical meridian and be hemianopic.
Visual field examinations review
4 major visual pathway zones

18. Visual field examinations review
Post chiasm zone
This zone includes the optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations and the occipital cortex.
Characteristics
Most defects will respect the vertical meridian.
Defects will be homonymous and hemianopic.
This is NOT an eye problem, this is a brain problem and a CT-scan or MRI will be ordered.
Nerve fibers from the nasal VF of one eye and temporal fibers of the other eye will be effected on one side of the brain giving the defect a classification of left or right even though is effects both eyes. The left or right relates to the side of the brain effected.
Visual field examinations review
4 major visual pathway zones

19. Visual field examinations review
4 major visual pathway zones

20. Tell me what you’ve learned!

21. Tell me what you’ve learned!

22. You are doing great, keep going!!!

23. What are the problems here?

24. What is the problem here ?

25. Thank you! I had a great time teaching you!
Good luck on the test and have a great summer! See you in September.